Utrophin levels have recently been shown to be more abundant in slow vs. fast muscles, but the nature of the molecular events underlying this difference remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we determined whether this difference is due to the expression of utrophin A or B, and examined whether transcriptional regulatory mechanisms are also involved. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed that slower fibers contain significantly more utrophin A in extrasynaptic regions as compared with fast fibers. Single-fiber RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that expression of utrophin A transcripts correlates with the oxidative capacity of muscle fibers, with cells expressing myosin heavy chain I and IIa demonstrating the highest levels. Functional muscle overload, which stimulates expression of a slower, more oxidative phenotype, induced a significant increase in utrophin A mRNA levels. Because calcineurin has been implicated in controlling this slower, high oxidative myofiber program, we examined expression of utrophin A transcripts in muscles having altered calcineurin activity. Calcineurin inhibition resulted in an 80% decrease in utrophin A mRNA levels. Conversely, muscles from transgenic mice expressing an active form of calcineurin displayed higher levels of utrophin A transcripts. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays revealed the presence of a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) binding site in the utrophin A promoter. Transfection and direct gene transfer studies showed that active forms of calcineurin or nuclear NFATc1 transactivate the utrophin A promoter. Together, these results indicate that expression of utrophin A is related to the oxidative capacity of muscle fibers, and implicate calcineurin and its effector NFAT in this mechanism.

Staufen is an RNA-binding protein, first identified for its role in oogenesis and CNS development in Drosophila. Two mammalian homologs of Staufen have been identified and shown to bind double-stranded RNA and tubulin, and to function in the somatodendritic transport of mRNA in neurons. Here, we examined whether Staufen proteins are expressed in skeletal muscle in relation to the neuromuscular junction. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed that Staufen1 (Stau1) and Staufen2 (Stau2) accumulate preferentially within the postsynaptic sarcoplasm of muscle fibers as well as at newly formed ectopic synapses. Western blot analyses showed that the levels of Stau1 and Stau2 are greater in slow muscles than in fast-twitch muscles. Muscle denervation induced a significant increase in the expression of Stau1 and Stau2 in the extrasynaptic compartment of both fast and slow muscles. Consistent with these observations, we also demonstrated that expression of Stau1 and Stau2 is increased during myogenic differentiation and that treatment of myotubes with agrin and neuregulin induces a further increase in the expression of both Staufen proteins. We propose that Stau1 and Stau2 are key components of the postsynaptic apparatus in muscle, and that they contribute to the maturation and plasticity of the neuromuscular junction.

Spatial segregation of membrane proteins is a feature of many excitable cells. In skeletal muscle, clusters of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and voltage-gated sodium channels (Na V 1s) occupy distinct domains at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We used quantitative immunolabeling of developing rat soleus muscles to study the mechanism of ion channel segregation and Na V 1 clustering at NMJs. When Na V 1s can first be detected, at birth, they already occupy a postsynaptic domain that is distinct from that occupied by AChRs. At this time, Na V 1s are expressed only in a diffuse area that extends 50 -100 m from the immature NMJ. However, in the region of the high-density AChR cluster at NMJ itself, Na V 1s are actually present in lower density than in the immediately surrounding membrane. These distinctive features of the Na V 1 distribution at birth are closely correlated with the distribution of ankyrinG immunolabeling. This suggests that an interaction with ankyrinG plays a role in the initial segregation of Na V 1s from AChRs. Both Na V 1 and ankyrinG become clustered at the NMJ itself 1-2 weeks after birth, coincident with the formation of postsynaptic folds. Syntrophin immunolabeling codistributes with AChRs and never resembles that for Na V 1 or ankyrinG. Therefore, syntrophin is unlikely to play an important part in the initial accumulation of Na V 1 at the NMJ. These findings suggest that the segregation of Na V 1 from AChRs begins early in NMJ formation and occurs as a result of the physical exclusion of Na V 1 and ankyrinG from the region of nerve-muscle contact rather than by a process of active clustering.