The development of a new UK Defence Standard for Human Factors Integration is described. This formed one element of an extensive updating of Human Factors Integration guidance within UK MOD. The Standard is to be used for contracts between UK MOD and industry suppliers for Human Factors Integration activities - integral to the development of new and existing military systems. The extant Standard, Defence Standard 00-250 (2008), was deficient in a number of ways and was not well aligned with the evolving internal HFI guidance for MOD personnel. The new Standard, Defence Standard 00-251 (2015), is primarily a process standard. It specifies, in the form of Human Factors Process Requirements, what HFI activities must be undertaken throughout the system lifecycle to manage the human related risks in the development of new systems across the seven HFI domains. It also includes a number of candidate Human Factors User and System Requirements which can be used to specify properties of the system itself. A collaborative approach to the development of the Standard ensured relatively few changes were required, following a period of public consultation, prior to the final version of the Standard being produced.

States Air Force Academy, Colorado for providing funds to assist in the research of this project. TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS n This project furthers the original statistical effort and adds to this a campaign planning approach (including both systems and operational level analyses) for more clearly identifying these likely targets. Although various critical elements were identified for each country, one of these-trade-cut across the broad spectrum of GDP values. As a result, for the purposes of this research, trade was overall defined as that element which contributed most to each national economy. Subsequently, communications and data networks were identified as those subsets of the trade system which could provide the most lucrative intervention sites.Because of the trade/communications and data network relationship and the modern tendency to limit the collateral influence of an attacker's actions, this project also addresses new methods of warfare which, surprisingly, are readily available today in a variety of forms.Finally, this project addresses the possible ramifications of the transition of warfare from its traditional form. But while the preceding sections can provide a planner a usable framework, this last can only provide fuel for continuing the ongoing national debate. IX DEVELOPING A CAMPAIGN PLAN TO TARGET CENTERS OF GRAVITY WITHIN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Chapter 1: IntroductionEconomic warfare has been a vital part of the way the United States has dealt with other nations since the country was founded. In most cases it has been the first action of choice. Examples range from the Revolutionary War, the embargo against Britain in 1808, the Civil War, the Gulf War and most recently the embargo against Haiti. Since this type of warfare has been such an integral part of this country's past and as modern societies strive for bloodless war, it is safe to assume that the economic option will continue to be an important player in our arsenal of options to try to bend the will of another nation to our own. But has economic warfare been used as effectively as it could have been to reach the desired objectives? Can this nation use it more effectively in the future? The Haiti situation is a good example to answer these questions. Many will argue that economic warfare was not successful since it took, for all intents and purposes, an invasion to make the military junta bend to our will. So, how does a nation plan and implement an effective economic warfare campaign?This paper builds upon concepts mentioned in the article entitled "Targeting Financial Systems as COGs: 'Low Intensity' to 'No Intensity' Conflict," but goes far beyond that article's scope. This is believed to be the first time a product has been written specifically about building a campaign plan to conduct economic warfare. The purpose is to develop a framework to identify where a nation's capabilities need to be applied to achieve the maximum effect desired from economic warfare. It concentrates on financial systems as centers of gravity to ca...