This article is an edited and condensed version of the report of a study carried out under the auspices of the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) and the Publishers Association (PA). It develops the conclusions of an earlier analysis (Bide, Oppenheim & Ramsden, 1997) and builds upon discussions between representatives of JISC and the PA held in the summer of 1997. The full report is available on the UKOLN server at http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/pa/charging/

Reports the results of a study undertaken to consider the issues relating to the clearance of rights by British higher education institutions for the digitisation of materials published in print. Current licensing models frequently involve prices which librarians find daunting and have no mechanism for recovering from users. There is also considerable variation in pricing of materials. The authors believe that a 'one-stop shop' for the clearance of digitisation rights would be a highly desirable development. However, negotiability of rates may be made impossible by the introduction of 'one-stop shopping' through a centralised agency. Electronic copyright management system (ECMS) technology for solving the many problems of managing licences for digitised content is not yet proven. Not having ECMS, a strong 'compliance culture' will be essential.Users and rights owners want straightforward, simple and, above all, brief contracts for licensing. There is therefore a need for a shared, unambiguous licence vocabulary. The paper suggests a set of definitions of uses and user types. Using these definitions, a matrix of use and users is proposed to show types of activities for which a library may seek to license materials from a publisher and for which a publisher may grant a licence. Many of the problems could be resolved if the suggested 'one-stop shop' central agency acted on behalf of publishers in granting digital rights (or acting as a clearing house for requests). 50 1 2

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‘The answer to the machine is in the machine’ – but what is the answer? At the end of the first decade of the 21st century we are seeing an explosion of rights management issues, as well as the emergence of many products and services that may provide all – or at least some – of the solution for publishers. International standards are also in place. Strong intellectual property protection is the cornerstone of an orderly digital marketplace. That market is for content + rights. Are our rights management practices fit for purpose? In this paper we provide an overview of rights management in publishing at the start of the 21st century, a summary of what is at stake, and an overview of the challenges and opportunities that await publishers.

ARROW-steps towards resolving the 'orphan works problem' One of the more difficult tasks to be accomplished if we are to digitize the 'physical legacy' is that of getting the necessary permissions for digitizing works that are still in copyright. A significant part of the challenge lies in identifying and contacting the rightsholders.The ARROW project, funded under the European Commission's eContentplus programme, has brought together an array of partners to try to develop mechanisms which will help connect those seeking to digitize books with those who are able to give them the necessary permission. This article provides a high level overview of a project which could provide an essential element of the infrastructure for communicating rights and permissions information.