Forty-seven children presented with the diagnosis of a deep neck infection--either cellulitis or abscess--between January 1991 and July 1996. Forty-four (94%) had contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging consistent with this diagnosis. Three patients with no CT scan had confirmation of an abscess at surgical drainage. Parenteral antibiotics alone were effective in the treatment of 24 of 47 infections (51%): seven parapharyngeal, one retropharyngeal, and 16 combined. By CT scan these infections represented cellulitis in 17 of 24 (71%), an abscess in three of 24 (13%), and incomplete abscess in four of 24 (17%). The average duration of hospitalization for this group was 4.8 days, with symptomatic improvement usually seen within 24 hours. Surgical drainage was performed on 23 of 47 infections (49%): three parapharyngeal, 17 combined, and three of unknown specific location. In 22 of these 23 children (96%), transoral drainage of the abscess was used as the primary surgical approach. In 21 of these 22 (95%) there was complete resolution without complications or recurrence; one abscess required a subsequent external approach. CT scanning with contrast revealed that all deep neck infections were located medial (usually anteromedial) to the great vessels. Abscesses with volumes estimated to be greater than 2000 mm3 were more likely to undergo surgery, but these differences were not statistically significant. The use of contrast-enhanced CT scanning provides information regarding abscess size, location, and relative position of the great vessels for safe and successful transoral drainage. Thus we recommend CT-assisted transoral drainage for combined retropharyngeal/parapharyngeal abscesses and selected isolated parapharyngeal abscesses that do not respond to parenteral antibiotics.

Many direct laryngoscopic and bronchoscopic findings correlate well with the diagnosis of GERD as determined by using other tests.

Objective: To determine the correlation between findings at direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy and presence of extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD). Study Design: Retrospective chart review Methods: Operative notes of 155 children undergoing direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy between 1996 and 1999 for airway symptoms for whom there was a suspicion of EERD were examined. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was considered present if at least one test was positive (including upper GI series, pH probe, gastric scintiscan, or esophageal biopsy). Results: A total of 130 (84%) patients had GERD diagnosed. Ninety percent had at least one laryngotracheal abnormality: 83% had an abnormal larynx and 66% had an abnormal trachea. Laryngeal abnormalities in GERD included postglottic edema, 69%; arytenoid edema, 30%; large lingual tonsil, 16%; vocal fold edema, 12%; vocal fold nodule, 12%; ventricular obliteration, 5%; and hypopharyngeal cobblestoning, 3%. Tracheobronchial abnormalities in GERD included tracheal cobblestoning, 33%; blunting of carina, 12.5%; subglottic stenosis, 11%; increased secretions, 11%; and generalized edema or erythema, 5%. The best sensitivity or specificity was obtained by combining postglottic edema, arytenoid edema, and vocal fold edema, resulting in a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 67%. Positive predictive value was 100% for the combination of postglottic edema and any vocal fold or ventricular abnormality. Conclusion: Laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy can reveal findings with a high positive predictive value for the presence of GERD. Endoscopy of the upper airway in children with clinical signs and symptoms of EERD is a promising tool for diagnosis.

Children are vulnerable to head and neck dog bite injuries. Wound healing is excellent despite a contaminated wound. Infections occur infrequently. Pulsed dye laser improves cosmesis.