This study used corn insurance data as a proxy for agricultural loss to better inform producers and decision makers about resilience and mitigation. Building on previous research examining crop losses based on weather and climate perils, updates to the peril climatology, identification of peril hot-spots, and the quantification of annual trends using inflation-adjusted indemnities for corn was performed over the period 1989–2020. Normalization techniques in loss cost and acreage loss at county-level spatial resolution were also calculated. Indemnity data showed drought and excess moisture as the two costliest and most frequent perils for corn in the U.S., though, changes in the socioeconomic landscape and frequency of extreme weather events in the recent decade have led to significant increases in corn indemnities for drought, heat, excess moisture, flood, hail, excess wind, and cold wet weather. Normalized losses also displayed significant trends, but were dependent on the cause of loss and amount of spatial aggregation. Perhaps most notable were the documented robust increases in corn losses associated with excess moisture, especially considering future projections for increased mid- and end-of-century extreme precipitation. Subtle decreasing trends in drought, hail, freeze/frost, and flood loss cost over the study period indicates hedging taking place to protect against these perils, especially in corn acreage outside the Corn Belt in high-risk production zones. The use of crop insurance as a proxy for agricultural loss highlights the importance for quantifying spatiotemporal trends by informing targeted adaption to certain hazards and operational management decisions.
Customer expectations regarding the performance of intelligent digital networks can be met only if careful consideration is given to synchronization at every level in the network. This includes synchronization of the public switched and private networks, and performance of the clocks that control customer premises equipment (CPE). Poor synchronization planning at the public or private network level, as well as poor CPE clock performance can degrade customer applications such as video, facsimile, digital data, encryption, voice‐band data, and voice transmission. In this paper, we consider the synchronization philosophies and implementation of both AT&T's national telecommunications network and private customer‐owned networks. We will also discuss the performance of typical CPE clocking systems and describe the synchronization systems used in AT&T's line of Definity® business communications systems.
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