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How to keep you doctorate on track: Insights from students' and supervisors' experiences

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Some lessons from a student-centred approach to teaching and learningjenny Hall and Mark Saunders, Business School, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education, Oxstalls Lane, Gloucester, GL2 9HW, UK Pressure to reduce staff-student ratios has hastened the need to move away from traditional and adopt new teaching and learning strategies. At the same time, the need remains for students of practical subjects such as information technology to feel secure. One solution is the use of a student-centred approach where much of the responsibility for learning is given to the student.

The objective of this benchmarking process was to develop a land application operation that provides the quality of service expected in the community, at a price competitive with private industry.The Western Lake Superior Sanitary District (WLSSD) owns and operates a 40 MGD wastewater treatment plant located in Duluth, Minnesota, treating industrial and municipal wastewater. Since 1978, the WLSSD has primarily disposed of wastewater residuals by incineration in fluidized bed incinerators using refuse derived fuel. Having reached the end of the useful life of the incineration system, the WLSSD facility planning process resulted in the selection of anaerobic digestion for sludge stabilization followed by land application of the biosolids.One of the many decisions made during the facility planning process was operation of the land application program. The WLSSD determined that a benchmarking process should be used for evaluating public and private options for operation of the land application program. The process involved researching existing land application programs, gathering information on best management practices, developing service specifications, and evaluating effective operating procedures and costs.