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Recommendations are presented for developing or redeveloping railway station areas by creating synergy between both identities of a station—as a node in a transport network and as an urban location. Station users want a reliable, safe, fast, easy, comfortable, and pleasant experience in transferring to different transport modes. Besides speed and safety, quality in the sense of comfort and experience are added values. Focusing on the traveler’s appreciation of faster travel leads to three strategies that can add value—( a) acceleration: making individual trips faster and eliminating hassle in transferring to other transport modes; ( b) concentration: concentrating origins and destinations near stations and improving the station environment; ( c) enhancement: adding facilities that enhance the comfort and experience of transfer points. To create this synergy, a station should be divided into three areas. First, travel-related services should be located at the center of transfer points; acceleration is the key word here. Second, business facilities central to transfer points would make transfer intervals more useful and pleasant; the emphasis is on enhancing comfort and experience. Third, less-travel-related activities and attractions should be concentrated in a particular location, thus reducing travel time and hassle and enhancing the urban environment. Synergy in station development or redevelopment can result if both transportation and real estate factors are considered.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic literature review on stimulus, organism and response variables related to actual and perceived cleanliness and develop a conceptual framework to encourage future research on cleanliness. Design/methodology/approach The PRISMA statement methodology for systematic literature review was applied. After analysing 926 articles, 46 articles were included and reviewed. Findings Stimulus, organism and response variables related to cleanliness were identified and integrated in a conceptual framework. A distinction was made between articles evaluating the relationship between stimulus and organism variables; stimulus and response variables; and organism and response variables. First, actual cleanliness, staff behaviour, condition of the environment, scent and the appearance of the physical environment were identified as stimuli variables influencing perceived cleanliness and service quality. Second, the presence of litter, behaviour and presence of others, scent, disorder, availability of trash cans and informational strategies were identified as stimuli affecting littering and other kinds of unethical behaviour. Third, the effect of perceived cleanliness (and other organism variables) on satisfaction, approach behaviours, physical activity and pro-social behaviour was registered. Practical implications The findings of this review allow in-house and corporate facility managers to better understand and identify most effective interventions positively influencing actual and perceived cleanliness. Originality/value No systematic literature review on antecedents and consequences of a clean environment has previously been conducted.

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