Pain and symptom management is the most important area of paediatric palliative care, but clinicians often receive little training in this area. Our research evaluated the effectiveness of pain and symptom management training among paediatric professionals. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest study was used. Fifty-three paediatric nurses and 18 paediatricians participated in this study for a response rate of 80%. Results showed significant main effects of training on confidence levels (p < 0.001), and attitude scores (p < 0.001) among paediatric clinicians in a variety of areas, with no differences in scores between paediatricians and nurses. This suggests that education can effectively increase paediatric clinicians’ confidence in and attitudes towards providing pain and symptom management for children with severe illness. Further training is needed to promote interdisciplinary healthcare team work to improve the effectiveness of pain and symptom management.

The goal of this paper is to provide new evidence on how the zero-interest rate policy implemented by the Bank of Japan has affected the sensitivity of money demand with respect to the opportunity cost of holding money. To the empirical ends of the analysis, the study makes use of the univariate conditional autoregressive value-at-risk (CAViaR) estimator to obtain robust quantile measures.The empirical findings document that the sensitivity of money demand with respect to the opportunity cost of holding money has significantly increased after the 1994 period. The results remain robust across quantile measures.

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