There has been much research on the effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on numerous pathogens, but very few, if any, studies on its effect on beneficial, probiotic bifidobacteria. We have recently shown that garlic exhibits antibacterial activity against bifidobacteria. The mechanism by which garlic kills bifidobacteria is yet to be elucidated. This study sought to determine the mechanism of action of garlic clove extract on selected Bifidobacterium species using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE analysis. SEM micrographs revealed unusual morphological changes such as cell elongation, cocci-shaped cells with crosswalls and distorted cells with bulbous ends. With TEM observed changes included among others, condensation of cytoplasmic material, disintegration of membranes and loss of structural integrity. SDS-PAGE analysis did not reveal any differences in whole cell protein profiles of untreated and garlic clove extract treated cells. The current study is the first to reveal the mechanism of action of garlic clove extract on probiotic Bifidobacterium species. The results indicate that garlic affect these beneficial bacteria in a manner similar to that exhibited in pathogens. These results therefore further highlight that caution should be taken especially when using raw garlic and probiotic bifidobacteria simultaneously as viability of these bacteria could be reduced by allicin released upon crushing of garlic cloves, thereby limiting the health benefits that the consumer anticipate to gain from probiotics.1

In this article we consider a variant of the Simo-Reissner theory for a rod but restrict the study to two-dimensional motion where the rod undergoes flexure, shear and extension but not torsion. Linear elastic behaviour is assumed to formulate constitutive equations; the constitutive equations of the Timoshenko theory adapted for extension and large rotation. We call the model the Local Linear Timoshenko rod model. We show that this model serves as a framework for a class of simpler mathematical models for slender solids in various applications. The advantage is that the more general model can be used to evaluate and compare the simpler models.