Experimental and theoretical x-ray magnetic circular dichroism ͑XMCD͒ studies of the intermetallic compounds UCoAl and UPtAl at the uranium M 4 and M 5 edges are reported. UPtAl is a 5 f -electron ferromagnet, whereas UCoAl exhibits, at low temperatures and in a magnetic field of 0.65 T, a metamagnetic transition from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic ordering of U moments. Applying the XMCD sum rules to the experimental spectra, expectation values of the orbital and spin magnetic moments of the uranium 5 f electrons were calculated. The results show that the orbital-to-spin moment ratio is of comparable value, L / S ϷϪ2, for both compounds; however, the moments in UCoAl are strongly reduced with respect to UPtAl. Furthermore, the L / S ratio for UCoAl appears to be conserved both in the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states, although the S value in the former case is at least five times larger. The theoretical counterparts of the experimental data were obtained from the electronic structure calculated using the FLAPW method within the local spin density approximation. The calculated x-ray absorption and XMCD spectra show a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data and reproduce well the shape and structure of the spectral lines at the M 4 and M 5 edges.

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Smart grid, smart metering, electromobility, and the regulation of the power network are keywords of the transition in energy politics. In the future, the power grid will be smart. Based on different works, this article presents a data collection, analyzing, and monitoring software for a reference smart grid. We discuss two possible architectures for collecting data from energy analyzers and analyze their performance with respect to real-time monitoring, load peak analysis, and automated regulation of the power grid. In the first architecture, we analyze the latency, needed bandwidth, and scalability for collecting data over the Modbus TCP/IP protocol and in the second one over a RESTful web service. The analysis results show that the solution with Modbus is more scalable as the one with RESTful web service. However, the performance and scalability of both architectures are sufficient for our reference smart grid and use cases.

-Requirement traceability ensures that (SW-)products meet their requirements and additionally makes the estimation of the consequences of requirement changes possible. It is especially difficult to establish at the transition from requirements specification to its provision in the design, because design processes represent creative and complex transfers of mostly unique problem constellations into a sustainable solution (so-called Wicked Problems). At first, this article searches for symptoms of the problem in analyzing the process model of ISO 12207, the foundation of SPICE or CMMi. This analysis mainly serves the derivation of a concept for the integrated extension oftoday's traceability models with the aspect ofdocumented design decisions. In the context ofcurrent approaches in Rationale Management, our concept proofs as sustainable solution that supports ,, heavyweight" prescriptive approaches as well as ,, lightweight" pragmatic approaches and -moreover -shows interdependencies between both kinds.