Fondaparinux is effective and safe in suspected acute HIT; no HIT-specific complications occurred in the fondaparinux-treated patients, even among those with a high clinical HIT probability. Further data from randomized controlled trials are urgently needed because lepirudin was recalled from the market; danaparoid access has been limited and is not approved in the United States; and argatroban is contraindicated in patients with impaired liver function, and activated partial thromboplastin time confounding may interfere with monitoring. (Retrospective Registry of Patients With Acute Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia Type II; NCT01304238).

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This chapter illuminates the role of various categories of emotions in the context of the natural environment and their influence on pro-environmental and environmentally risky decisions. First, some examples of emotional reactions toward environmental problems are given. After discussing the question “what are environmentally relevant emotions?,” a classification of these emotions is proposed, followed by a close look at the relations of emotions and environmentally relevant activities and the special behavioral impact of the emotions not only on pro-environmental but also on environmentally risky behaviors. The chapter closes with a discussion of how knowledge about emotional factors can be used in the environmental debate and shows ways to reach a deeper understanding of the dynamics and impact of these emotions. This knowledge can enrich models of environmentally relevant behaviors as well as action models in psychology in general.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Psychiatric and psychosomatic consultation-liaison services (CL) are important providers of diagnosis and treatment for hospital patients with mental comorbidities and psychological burdens. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effects of CL on depression and anxiety. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted until 2017. Included were published randomized controlled trials using CL interventions with adults in general hospitals, treatment as usual as control groups, and depression and/or anxiety as outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Level of integration was assessed using the Standard Framework for Levels of Integrated Healthcare. Meta-analyses were performed using random effects models and meta-regression for moderator effects. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We included 38 studies (9,994 patients). Risk of bias was high in 17, unclear in 15, and low in 6 studies. Studies were grouped by type of intervention: brief interventions tailored to the patients (8), interventions based on specific treatment manuals (19), and integrated, collaborative care (11). Studies showed small to medium effects on depression and anxiety. Meta-analyses for depression yielded a small effect (<i>d</i> = –0.19, 95% CI: –0.30 to –0.09) in manual studies and a small effect (<i>d</i> = –0.33, 95% CI: –0.53 to –0.13) in integrated, collaborative care studies, the latter using mostly active control groups with the possibility of traditional consultation. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> CL can provide a helpful first treatment for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Given that especially depressive symptoms in medically ill patients are long-lasting, the results underline the benefit of integrative approaches that respect the complexity of the illness.

The last two decades turned Latin America into one of the most violent regions in the world. While previously, violence in the region has predominantly been associated with state repression and military dictatorships, the "new violence" that emerged since the mid-1990s is predominantly criminal. Related research has been mostly problem-driven, implying that the focus has been on how to improve security governance in the region. The multiple ways in which governance itself is both shaped by as well as contributing to the pervasiveness of this "new violence," has remained uncharted. This article offers an analytical framework, inspired by the literature on governance, for assessing this issue. To this end, it highlights different modes and instances of governance with, by, and through crime (and violence) in the region. In doing so, the article offers a contextualization for this special issue as well as an overarching analytical framework for the individual contributions.