RESUMENEl presente artículo brinda una breve panorámica geográfica, demográfica, económica y política de Colombia, una reseña de la evolución del sector eléctrico, información sobre emisiones de dióxido de carbono, política energética y estrategias para el desarrollo de energías renovables no convencionales en el país. Se muestra de manera detallada el panorama actual del sector eléctrico en Colombia y de manera complementaria se un análisis prospectivo del rol de las fuentes no convencionales de energía en el país. Se brinda información referente a la producción, consumo y demanda de energía, en cuanto a aspectos ambientales se presentan los indicadores de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y finalmente se presentan algunos aspectos de la política energética. Se destaca la alta contribución porcentual de la generación de energía hidráulica en la matriz energética, sin dejar a un lado la generación térmica con distintos energéticos. Finalmente, el artículo presente una revisión de las diferentes estrategias realizadas en el país para posibilitar el desarrollo de las Fuentes no convencionales de energía en Colombia.Palabras clave: Fuentes no convencionales de energía, Sistema Interconectado Nacional, energía hidráulica, Zonas No Interconectadas, producción de energía. ABSTRACTThis article provides a brief geographic, demographic, economic and political overview of Colombia, a review of the evolution of the electricity sector, information on carbon dioxide emissions, energy policy and strategies for the development of non -conventional renewable energy in the country. It shows in detail the current situation of the electricity sector in Colombia and in a complementary way a prospective analysis of the role of non-conventional energy sources in the country. Information on production, consumption and demand for energy is provided, in environmental aspects indicators emissions of greenhouse gases are presented and finally some aspects of energy policy are presented. High percentage contribution of hydropower generation in the energy matrix, leaving aside the thermal generation with different energy is highlighted. Finally, this paper reviews the different strategies undertaken in the country to enable the development of non-conventional energy sources in Colombia.

Los impactos ambientales de la implementación de las energías eólica y solar en el Caribe Colombiano Los impactos ambientales de la implementación de las energías eólica y solar en el Caribe Colombiano RESUMENLa línea de base en la evaluación ambiental de proyectos permite realizar la descripción de la situación actual, determinar la fecha en la que se realiza el estudio, sin influencia de nuevas intervenciones antrópicas. La descripción realizada tiene en cuenta factores bióticos, abióticos y socioeconómicos, que afectan al proyecto en cada una de sus fases; tales influencias o impactos se han evaluado para el caso de las energías renovables, específicamente energía eólica y solar para el caribe colombiano con el fin de determinar la pertinencia de ejecutar planes de atenuación.Entre las fuentes energéticas más amigables con el medio ambiente se encuentran las energías eólica y fotovoltaica, debido a que no que no contaminan y que a su vez su utilización no implica el agotamiento de la misma para satisfacer la demanda energética de la humanidad al momento de aprovechar los recursos disponibles de la radiación solar y velocidad del viento, lo cual brinda significativos menores impactos respecto a los sistemas tradicionales de generación de energía. Este artículo muestra de manera sintética los resultados de la evaluación ambiental de proyectos de energía solar fotovoltaica y eólica en la Región Caribe Colombiana, con énfasis en la Guajira, la cual fue realizada con la metodología de la línea base, la identificación y evaluación de impactos mediante el método simplificado de Conesa. Dentro de los resultados obtenidos se destaca de los impactos no son significativos en las etapas de construcción y desmonte de un sistema solar fotovoltaico, debido a que la fabricación de la cimentación, remoción de suelo y transporte de materiales de construcción y maquinaria no es permanente sino temporal, mientras que en operación los impactos son prácticamente nulos y se reducen a los asociados a las tareas de mantenimiento.Palabras clave: Energía eólica, Energía solar, Evaluaciones ambientales, Impactos ambientales, Matriz de impactos. ABSTRACTThe baseline environmental assessment of projects allows the description of the current situation, determine the date on which the study is conducted without influence of new human actions. The description taken into account biotic, abiotic and socioeconomic factors affecting the project in each of its phases; such influences or impacts have been evaluated for the case of renewable energy, particularly wind and solar energy for the Colombian Caribbean in order to determine the relevance of executing mitigation plans.

This paper presents wind speed and direction data measured with a weather station located in Puerto Bolivar, department of La Guajira, situated in the extreme north of Colombia, whose geographic coordinates are 12°11′N 71°55′W. A wind speed and direction sensor, a barometric pressure sensor, and a temperature sensor were used to obtain the presented data. These data were taken at the height of 10 m, which is the highest point of the weather station. The data taken by the meteorological station correspond to a period of 20 years (1993–2013), with hourly frequency. For the missing data, a mathematical model to estimate the Julian averages was developed, allowing to calculate the frequency histograms and four types of probability distributions for these data. Also, the representative wind roses were generated, taking into account the averages in each of the 12 months of the year.

This work is focused on the importance of developing and promoting the use of wind and solar energy resources in the Colombian Caribbean coast. This region has a considerable interest for the development of solar technology due to the available climatic characteristics. Therefore, a detailed solarimetric analysis has been carried out in the department of San Andr es, Providencia and Santa Catalina, located in the Colombian Caribbean region, using a semi-empirical radiation model, based on the Bird & Hulstrom model, and the parameterizations of the M€ achler & Iqbal model, which allowed obtaining an average total irradiation value of 6.5 kWh/m 2 day. In addition, a statistical analysis of the wind resource was carried out based on meteorological data, which yielded an average multiannual wind speed of 3.4 m/s, and a maximum wind speed of 15.2 m/s during the month of October. The meteorological input data used for this analysis were provided by the Colombian Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM), in order to perform initial calculations and obtain a climatic profile of the areas with clear, medium and cloudy atmospheres throughout the year. Regarding the comparative study, the analysis was complemented with a prediction of solar radiation using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), where irradiance could be predicted with a fairly good agreement, which was validated with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.87 using the temperature, the relative humidity, the pressure and the wind speed as the input data.

Monitoring and controlling stability in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems are essential, since it allows to obtain information that helps to take corrective actions in case of deviations in the system and to guarantee a stable performance in the biogas production. In this work, a pilot-scale CSRT reactor (1 m3) was monitored during the anaerobic digestion of pig manure with thermal pretreatment (80 °C) operated at thermophilic temperature (45 °C). The ratio of the volatile organic acids (FOS) to the total inorganic carbonate (TAC) and the pH were the indicators used during the monitoring process to identify deviations in the AD system. Additionally, alkaline solution NaOH (98%) was applied to counteract pH deviations and maintain stability. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biogas composition were measured during the AD process. It was found that during the AD process, the FOS/TAC was between the range of 0.5 and 1. The results revealed that, in the anaerobic digestion of pig manure with thermal pretreatment, the pH was kept stable in the range of 6.7–7.4 since no medium acidification occurred. Additionally, the tendency of the chemical oxygen demand decreased from the 10th day of operation, product of the favorable enzymatic activity of the microorganisms, reflected in the stable production of biogas (69% ). Finally, it is concluded that thermophilic AD of pig manure with thermal pretreatment is a good option when it is carried out efficiently by employing an adequate energetic integration.