Regional perfusion of carpal tissues by forced intramedullary administration of fluids was evaluated in 10 horses. Results of subtraction radiography after perfusion with a contrast medium demonstrated that perfusate was delivered to the carpal tissues by the venous system. Perfused India ink was distributed uniformly in the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal synovial membranes. Histologically, the ink was within the venules of the synovial villi. Immediately after perfusion with gentamicin sulfate (1 g), the gentamicin concentrations in the synovial fluid and synovial membrane of the antebrachiocarpal joint were 349 +/- 240 micrograms/mL and 358 +/- 264 micrograms/g, respectively. When gentamicin concentrations in the synovial fluid of the antebrachiocarpal joint and serum were measured 0, 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after carpal perfusion, the mean peak gentamicin concentration in the synovial fluid was 589 +/- 429 micrograms/mL. At hour 24, the mean gentamicin concentration in the synovial fluid was 4.8 +/- 2.0 micrograms/mL. The resulting peak gentamicin concentration in the serum was 23.7 +/- 14.5 micrograms/mL immediately after the perfusion; it decreased below the desired trough level of 1 micrograms/mL between hours 4 and 8.

Septic arthritis was induced in one antebrachiocarpal joint of seven horses by the intra-articular injection of 1 mL Staphylococcus aureus suspension containing a mean of 10(5) colony-forming units. Twenty-four hours after inoculation, four horses were treated by regional perfusion with 1 g of gentamicin sulfate, and three horses received 2.2 mg/kg gentamicin sulfate intravenously (IV) every 6 hours. Synovial fluid was collected for culture and cytology at regular intervals, and the synovial membranes were collected for culture and histologic examination at euthanasia 24 hours after the first treatment. Gentamicin concentration in the septic synovial fluid after three successful perfusions was 221.2 +/- 71.4 (SD) micrograms/mL; after gentamicin IV, it was 7.6 +/- 1.6 (SD) micrograms/mL. The mean leukocyte count in the inoculated joints decreased significantly by hour 24 in the successfully perfused joints. Terminal bacterial cultures of synovial fluid and synovial membranes were negative in two horses with successfully perfused joints. S. aureus was isolated from the infected joints in all three horses treated with gentamicin IV.

Eight experimental diets were formulated for rainbow trout using agricultural byproducts as major ingredients. Each experimental diet contained varying amounts of corn grain, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed and one of the following: 200 g kg −1 peanut meal, 200 or 400 g kg −1 soybean meal (SBM), 390 g kg −1 low-allergen soy flour, 310 g kg −1 soy protein concentrate, 300 g kg −1 low-allergen soy protein concentrate or 200 g kg −1 SBM + 110 g kg −1 blood meal. One diet contained 200 g kg −1 SBM and canola oil as the main lipid source. The remaining diets contained 95 g kg −1 menhaden oil. Fish fed a commercial trout diet exhibited significantly greater weight gain (322%), and a lower feed conversion ratio (0.89) but significantly lower protein efficiency ratio (2.18) than fish fed the experimental diets. Within the experimental diets, fish fed the 400 g kg −1 soy flour diet and the 400 g kg −1 soybean meal diet had significantly higher weight gains (276% and 268%) and protein efficiency ratios (2.58 and 2.52), and lower feed conversion ratios (1.02 and 1.03) than fish fed other experimental diets. Fillet flavour varied between treatments. Most notable was the lower fishy flavour and higher chicken flavour of fish fed the diet that contained canola oil rather than menhaden oil. Microscopic evaluation of the liver and five sections of the gastrointestinal tract failed to demonstrate any differences between treatment groups. The ingredient costs of several experimental diets were lower than the estimated cost of a standard commercial trout diet. However, the superior feed conversion ratios of fish fed the control diet resulted in lower feed costs per unit of fish produced. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. menhaden oil. Fish fed a commercial trout diet exhibited signi®cantly greater weight gain (322%), and a lower feed conversion ratio (0.89) but signi®cantly lower protein eciency ratio (2.18) than ®sh fed the experimental diets. Within the experimental diets, ®sh fed the 400 g kg A1 soȳ our diet and the 400 g kg A1 soybean meal diet had signi®cantly higher weight gains (276% and 268%) and protein eciency ratios (2.58 and 2.52), and lower feed conversion ratios (1.02 and 1.03) than ®sh fed other experimental diets. Fillet¯avour varied between treatments. Most notable was the lower ®shy¯avour and higher chicken avour of ®sh fed the diet that contained canola oil rather than menhaden oil. Microscopic evaluation of the liver and ®ve sections of the gastrointestinal tract failed to demonstrate any dierences between treatment groups. The ingredient costs of several experimental diets were lower than the estimated cost of a standard commercial trout diet. However, the superior feed conversion ratios of ®sh fed the control diet resulted in lower feed costs per unit of ®sh produced.KEY WORDS:

No abstract

Two experiments were conducted to estimate the dietary choline requirement and to determine the effects of dietary choline on liver lipid deposition in juvenile hybrid striped bass (Monrone saxatilis x M. chrysops). Experimental diets contained 0.73 g total sulfur amino acids/100 g diet (0.47 g methionine + 0.26 g cyst(e)ine/100 g diet), thus meeting, but not exceeding, the requirement. Graded levels of choline bitartrate in Experiment 1 and choline chloride in Experiment 2 were added to the basal diet, resulting in eight dietary treatments in each experiment. Dietary treatments were 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg choline/kg dry diet. Diets were fed for 12 and 10 wk in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Dietary choline concentrations significantly affected weight gain, feed efficiency, survival and total liver lipid concentrations in each experiment. Weight gain and feed efficiency were greatest in fish fed 500 mg choline/kg dry diet as choline bitartrate. Total liver lipid concentrations were variable but tended to be lowest in fish fed diets containing at least 2000 mg choline/kg diet. Survival was significantly lower in the group of fish fed 8000 mg choline/kg diet supplied by choline bitartrate. Weight gain and feed efficiency were greatest and total liver lipid concentration was lowest in groups of fish fed at least 500 mg choline/kg diet as choline chloride; survival was unaffected by dietary treatment. Therefore, choline chloride seems to be a better source of dietary choline than choline bitartrate and 500 mg choline/kg diet is adequate for maximum weight gain and prevention of increased liver lipid concentration in juvenile hybrid striped bass.