We contribute to the assessment of the employment implications of the COVID crisis by classifying economic sectors according to the confinement decrees of three European countries (Germany, Spain and Italy). The analysis of these decrees can be used to make a first assessment of the implications of the COVID crisis on labour markets, and also to speculate on mid and long-term developments, since the most and least affected sectors are probably going to continue to operate differently until a vaccine or other long-term solution is found. Using an ad-hoc extraction of EU-LFS data, we apply this classification to the analysis of employment in Germany, Italy and Spain but also UK, Poland and Sweden, in order to cover the whole spectrum of institutional labour market settings within Europe. Our results, in line with recent literature, show that the employment impact is asymmetric within and between countries. In particular, the countries that are being hardest hit by the pandemic itself (Spain and Italy, and also the UK) are the countries more likely to suffer the worst employment implications of the confinement, because of their productive specialisation and labour market institutions. Indeed, these were also the labour markets that were more vulnerable before the crisis: characterised by high unemployment and precarious work (especially temporary contracts).

This article analyses the ‘‘Jobs Act’’—the last structural reform implemented\ud in Italy—framing it within the labour market reform process starting in\ud 1997. Taking advantage of different data sources (administrative and labour force\ud data), the investigation provides the following results. First, monetary incentives\ud seem to play a key role in explaining the dynamics of new (or transformed) contracts.\ud Second, new open-ended contracts are mostly driven by transformation.\ud Third, a relevant share of new open-ended positions is characterized by part-time\ud contracts. Fourth, the increase in employment is concentrated among older workforce\ud (over 50 years old). Finally, new permanent jobs increase in low-skilled and\ud low-tech service sectors, while the opposite occurs in manufacturing (particularly in\ud high-tech industries)

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Workers who perform their occupations through platforms are becoming an increasing share of the labour force.The debate is polarized between those arguing for platforms as an instrument to increase flexibility and labor force participation, and those who see it as a further mechanism to increase Non Standard Work (NSW). This debate is policy relevant because in either case, platform participation is associated to a difference in terms of willingness to contribute to the social security system. Nevertheless, the evidence is scant because we lack reliable data sources.In this contribution, we use a dedicated survey to estimate Willingness to Pay (WTP) for social security and estimate the causal impact of platform participation using a selection on observable strategy.We found that platform workers are less disposed to contribute to social security, although perception of accessibility and adequacy are not affected. Results are robust to specifications and multiple hypotheses testing.