The SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged in December 2019 and then spread globally. Little is still known about the impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women and neonates. A review of the literature was performed according to the PRISMA guideline recommendations, searching the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Studies’ quality assessments were performed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. A total of 37 studies were included, involving 275 pregnant women with COVID-19 and 248 neonates. The majority of pregnant women presented with mild to moderate symptoms, only 10 were admitted in the ICU, and one died. Two stillbirths were reported and the incidence of prematurity was 28%. Sixteen neonates were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR, and nine of them were born from mothers infected during pregnancy. Neonatal outcomes were generally good: all the affected neonates recovered. RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 yielded negative results on amniotic fluid, vaginal/cervical fluids, placenta tissue, and breast milk samples. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women appeared associated with mild or moderate disease in most cases, with a low morbidity and mortality rate. The outcomes of neonates born from infected women were mainly favorable, although neonates at risk should be closely monitored. Further studies are needed to investigate the possibility of vertical transmission.

intact fresh cadaver forelimbs, 3) ROM of skeletal forelimbs including ligaments, but without muscles and 4) ROM based on joint surfaces of the forelimb bones. A literature study provided information for level 1. A cadaver study was performed by tracking bone-pins with reflective marker triads using a 6 camera system (Vicon) to calculate 3-D ROM for levels 2 and 3. Surface scans of the bones, made with a laser surface scanner (Faro), together with Software for Interactive Musculoskeletal Modelling gave the insight necessary for level 4. The ROM was determined for flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and internal-external-rotation. The ROM values were compared between levels as well as between individual joints using ANOVA. Results: The largest variation in the reported values of the joint ROM of moving horses was observed in the fetlock. The ROM comparison between the levels showed that the ligamentous constraints resulted in the largest decreasing effect on the ROM per joint. The ROM and its increase varied between the individual levels and joints. Conclusion: The present study provided information about the ROM constraints which will be used in combination with additional extant and extinct data in our future research concerning the locomotor performances of the four monodactyl lineages. Ethical animal research: The horses were euthanatised for reasons unrelated to this study. Horse owners were aware that post-mortem examination was performed and tissues retained for research. Reasons for performing study: Horse riding in the modern race style is a complex task with the jockey mechanically isolating themselves from the movements of the horse for energetic benefit [1]. The optimum style is not clear so training is complex. Horse simulators are used in jockey training but it is not known if they accurately recreate the horse motion for optimum jockey training or motion simulation. Objectives: To quantify kinematic differences in jockey-mount interaction between racehorse and simulator riding. Study design: Prospective, cohort study. Methods: Inertial measurement units (MTw, Xsens) were attached to the sacrum of the horse/simulator, mid-thigh and tibia, sternum and pelvis of six jockeys. Both stirrups were instrumented for force measurement. Data were collected during gallop on a synthetic track and while riding a racehorse simulator (Racewood). Results: Real horse kinematics were more variable compared to the simulator, and exhibited greater vertical (47%) and medio-lateral (259%) amplitudes and smaller cranio-caudal (83%) displacement amplitude, defined using a linear mixed model (SPSS). Movement of the real horse is clockwise when viewed from the left side while the simulator trajectory is anticlockwise. Jockey pelvis displacement was 180 degrees out of phase with the horse or simulator. Peak stirrup forces during real gallop were more asymmetric and over double those recorded on the simulator. Conclusions: Racehorse simulators enable physical manipulation of jockeys into optimal positions. Their movement is...

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