Academic medicine fosters research that moves from discovery to translation, at the same time as promoting education of the next generation of professionals.• In the field of obesity, the supposed integration of knowledge, discovery and translation research to clinical care is being particularly hampered.

Objective A differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis is crucial as the treatment of the main causes of this condition can vary significantly. Recently published diagnostic guidelines on thyrotoxicosis embrace the presence of thyrotropin receptor (TSH‐R) antibodies (TRAb) as the primary and most important diagnostic step. The application of diagnostic algorithms to aid in the treatment of hyperthyroidism supports using thyroid radionuclide scintigraphy (TRSt) in baffling clinical scenarios, when TRAb are absent or when third‐generation TRAb are not available. First‐generation TRAb measurement may have limitations. Consequently, patients with thyrotoxicosis and first‐generation TRAb results may be misdiagnosed and consequently improperly treated. Our purpose was to compare first‐generation TRAb values to TRSt in the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 201 untreated outpatients with overt or subclinical hyperthyroidism on whom first‐generation TRAb and TRSt had been performed at the time of diagnosis. Histological specimens were analysed in patients who had previously undergone thyroid surgery at our centre. SPSS 20.0 was used in statistical analysis. Results Seventy‐three out of 201 (36.3%) patients had positive TRAb. A diffuse uptake was present in 83.5% (61/73), whereas 13.7% (10/73) had a heterogeneous uptake and 2.7% (2/73) had an absent uptake. Thirty out of 91 (33%) patients with diffuse uptake were negative for positive TRAb and were diagnosed with Graves’ disease. Analysis of 37 histological specimens indicated that TRSt had greater accuracy (81% vs 75.7%) and specificity (79.2% vs 57.1%) when compared to TRAb in the differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. However, TRSt sensitivity was inferior to TRAb (84.6% vs 92.3%). Conclusions Our study endorses that initial differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis should not be based solely on first‐generation TRAb as this approach may leave nearly 20% of the patients misdiagnosed and, consequently, improperly treated. Our results underscore that thyroid scintigraphy should also be performed when only first‐generation TRAb assays are available during the initial differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis.