Chloride (Cl−) and nitrate (NO3−) are closely related anions involved in plant growth. Their similar physical and chemical properties make them to interact in cellular processes like electrical balance and osmoregulation. Since both anions share transport mechanisms, Cl− has been considered to antagonize NO3− uptake and accumulation in plants. However, we have recently demonstrated that Cl− provided at beneficial macronutrient levels improves nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). Biochemical mechanisms by which beneficial Cl− nutrition improves NUE in plants are poorly understood. First, we determined that Cl− nutrition at beneficial macronutrient levels did not impair the NO3− uptake efficiency, maintaining similar NO3− content in the root and in the xylem sap. Second, leaf NO3− content was significantly reduced by the treatment of 6 mM Cl− in parallel with an increase in NO3− utilization and NUE. To verify whether Cl− nutrition reduces leaf NO3− accumulation by inducing its assimilation, we analysed the content of N forms and the activity of different enzymes and genes involved in N metabolism. Chloride supply increased transcript accumulation and activity of most enzymes involved in NO3− assimilation into amino acids, along with a greater accumulation of organic N (mostly proteins). A reduced glycine/serine ratio and a greater ammonium accumulation pointed to a higher activity of the photorespiration pathway in leaves of Cl−-treated plants. Chloride, in turn, promoted higher transcript levels of genes encoding enzymes of the photorespiration pathway. Accordingly, microscopy observations suggested strong interactions between different cellular organelles involved in photorespiration. Therefore, in this work we demonstrate for the first time that the greater NO3− utilization and NUE induced by beneficial Cl− nutrition is mainly due to the stimulation of NO3− assimilation and photorespiration, possibly favouring the production of ammonia, reductants and intermediates that optimize C-N re-utilization and plant growth. This work demonstrates new Cl− functions and remarks on its relevance as a potential tool to manipulate NUE in plants.
Conventions de transcription ... : pauses et silences (XXX) : commentaires, traductions de l'espagnol ou formes corre ctes en français. « XXX » : mots en espagnol. /XXX/ : transcriptions phonétiques. XXX : phénomène étudié. 1 Notre travail est centré sur l'étude des variables discursives des interventions du locuteur enseignant (en position d'Intervieweur-Professeur-Chercheur) et du locuteur apprenant (en position d'Interviewé-Apprenant-Informateur) et la manière dont ces variables déterminent le discours de l'autre dans le cadre d'un processus d'acquisition en milieu institutionnel. Nous nous sommes penchées sur le rôle de l'interaction des participants dans la construction de leurs discours pris dans leur évolution, c'est-à-dire l'influence des manifestations discursives, linguistiques et para-linguistiques d'un sujet parlant sur le discours de l'autre. 2 Nous avons travaillé à partir d'un corpus constitué dans le cadre d'une recherche commencée à Buenos Aires : « Le rôle de la langue maternelle dans le processus d'acquisition-apprentissage d'une langue étrangère par des étudiants débutants en milieu institutionnel ». Ce corpus comprend des entretiens réalisés par des professeurs/chercheurs avec quatre apprenants tous les trois mois au cours d'une année d'apprentissage, au total huit heures d'enregistrement. Dans ces entretiens, le professeur interviewe l'apprenant pour susciter la production libre du discours en vue de l'étude de la construction du lexique en langue étrangère.
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