The changes that are currently taking place in economic sciences cannot remain without effect on accounting. The purpose of this article is to present the role of behavioural accounting research in management accounting as a vital trend which has been developing in response to the shifting fundaments at the base of economics. The proposed aim has been achieved applying critical analysis of domestic and international literature in the field of economic sciences, including accounting and behavioural science. At the beginning, the text shows the origin of behavioural research in economic sciences. Then, the essence of behavioural research in accounting is highlighted, as a vital, prospective trend in accounting research. Finally, emphasis is placed on the role of behavioural research in management accounting, with particular attention given to the pillars of the contemporary studies.

The financial reporting is considered to be a ‘universal’ language of business, the efforts to harmonize and standardize it are dictated by conviction, that the usefulness of financial and non-financial information delivered this way can be improved and might facilitate comparisons of companies operating around the world, etc. However, the real perception of information generated by financial statements is made by real people, not by the economic model of homo oeconomicus, that is why psychological and cultural factors are extremely important in the analysis of this process. There is a lack of comprehensive studies on this subject. Most of publications are contributory. The research is based on the critical review of the subject literature and using mostly the method of induction, the impact of selected cultural conditions on the formulation of expectations on the content of the financial statements is examined and proved. The example of Muslim countries is used as the beginning of series of articles in the taken subject. Keywords: accounting harmonization, cultural factors, decision-making, financial reporting, Islam.

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The purpose of this article is to evaluate the legal regulations and practice of presenting energy certifi- cates and CO2 emission allowances by the largest energy companies operating in Poland. The starting point for solving the research problem was to present the nature of the indicated instruments also from an accounting perspective. Similarities can be noticed in terms of both the intention to create these instru- ments and how they function, despite their dependence on completely separate legal regulations. The following analysis of the financial statements prepared both according to Polish Accounting Law and IFRS showed a lack of a unified approach to identifying and presenting the discussed components in the financial statements. According to the author, this is primarily due to the extremely complicated way the instruments operate analyzed from the point of view of financial and accounting staff. The considerations have been supplemented with the author's recommendations related to the need for common solutions in the form of National Accounting Standards guidelines created in close cooperation with enterprises and organizations related to the energy industry.

Streszczenie: Cel -celem artykułu jest analiza istoty rachunkowości zabezpieczeń w świetle procesu zarzą-dzania ryzykiem w przedsiębiorstwie. Metodologia badania -tak sformułowany cel wymaga przyjęcia adekwatnej metody badawczej, jaką w tym przypadku jest krytyczna analiza opisowa. Wynik -rachunkowość zabezpieczeń jest jednym z najbardziej zaawansowanych i zarazem najtrudniejszych obszarów rachunkowości finansowej. Ze względu na jej naturę na arenie międzynarodowej podejmowane są kolejne próby standaryzacji omawianego obszaru, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem odzwierciedlania przez rachunkowość zabezpieczeń stosowanej przez przedsiębiorstwo strategii zarządzania ryzykiem. Oryginalność/Wartość -znaczenie rachunkowości zabezpieczeń jako instrumentu wspomagającego proces zarządzania ryzykiem jest istotne zarówno z praktycznego, jak i teoretycznego punktu widzenia, tym samym warte jest podjęcia rozważań na gruncie naukowym.Słowa kluczowe: ryzyko, zarządzanie ryzykiem, instrumenty pochodne, rachunkowość zabezpieczeń