[Purpose] This study investigated the effect of horseback riding exercise on the background electroencephalograms of elderly people who performed horseback riding for 8 weeks. [Subjects] Twenty elderly people were divided into the horseback riding exercise and control group (n = 10 each). [Methods] The exercise was performed for 15 minutes, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Electroencephalograms were analyzed. Post-exercise evaluation was performed after 8 weeks. [Results] After the horseback riding exercise, the relative slower alpha power index was active in the T3 and P4 domains but suppressed in the Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T4, and P3 domains. Moreover, the relative faster alpha power index was active in all domains of the horseback riding exercise group but was suppressed in all domains of the control group. There was a significant difference between groups in the F3 domain. [Conclusion] The alpha power index increased significantly after horseback riding exercise, suggesting the exercise improved background electroencephalogram.

We examine how the Covid-19 pandemic led to the propagation of export disruptions on a state-by-state basis using a social network analysis model. We measure the impact of import disruptions, Covid-related hospitalizations, subsequent policy responses, and structural network effects on economic outcomes. In addition to examining contemporaneous effects, we include lagged policy response variables to determine their effect on disruption recovery trends. Findings suggest that disruptions cluster along shared industry connections. The results are consistent with previous work that shows that non-pharmaceutical policy interventions had limited contemporaneous and medium-term effects on trade flows. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40812-023-00271-3.

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Using a social network analysis model, we examine for each of the United States how aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the propagation of export disruptions. We specifically measure the impact of import disruptions, COVID-related hospitalizations, subsequent policy responses, and structural network effects. In addition to looking at contemporaneous effects, we also include lagged policy response variables to see if these result different disruption recovery trends. Our results show that disruptions will noticeably cluster along industry connections. Our results are also consistent with past work that shows that non-pharmaceutical policy interventions have had limited contemporaneous effects on trade flows and extend these findings to show that up to six months after policy interventions, the impact of pandemic-related policy on exports disruptions is limited.