No abstract

Traditionally, materials characterization instrumentation has focused mainly on particles. However, for a better fundamental understanding and various potential applications, it requires an increase in the ability of instrumentation to observe.Characterization and manipulation requires not only extreme sensitivity and accuracy, but also atomic level resolution. In this regard, it is noteworthy the importance of the central role that the various modes of microscopy play in materials characterization and measurement.Also, are particularly relevant physical properties and short-range forces, but do not play a prominent role in the characterization at the macroscopic level, represent a significant impact on the nanometer scale.The sample is studied, are the connections of the RAM, from an IBM 450.The sample characterization was performed at the scanning electron microscope of the Research center in Engineering and Applied Sciences (CIICAp) of the Autonomous University of the State of Morelos (UAEM), is observed in the presence concentrate gold, nickel and carbon.In the scanning electron microscope has the research center, we have observed the presence of gold particles included in the RAM, the particles represent 90.20% by weight, there are also carbon particles containing nickel and 1.94 and 7.86 wt% respectively.

This recycling of printed circuit board (TCI) for the production of metals, given the environmental degradation that can cause toxic substances of these, is the reuse of valuable materials recovered from the TCI, this being an economic engine that promotes the recycling of this waste. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the reaction kinetics and leaching of metals that form the metal substrate, which have environmental and energy advantages, so the generation of new recovery techniques metals from the TCI low environmental and energy impact is increasingly necessary, for it is essential to establish the parameters affecting the reaction rate and identify design alternatives to determine whether or not sustainable, economically viable and that does not pollute. The method adopted was a leaching acid samples, where the full factorial method employed two experimental levels to evaluate the influence of: leaching time, temperature of the aqueous leach solution, reaction kinetics and solid/liquid, on the percentage of metal extraction. Subsequently, the metals are obtained by calcining and smelting the resulting salts by addition of acid liquor.

It is estimated that there is a generation of 307,224 ton/year [1] of waste from electronic and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Mexico, of which 10% is recycled, 40% remains stored and 50% reaches landfills or uncontrolled dumps. In the practice, even the regulatory instruments are not consolidated and the adequate management of the use of WEEE management, so the aim of this study is an analysis of life cycle of printed circuit boards (TCI) to identify the management alternatives that represent the least impact to the environment. This assessment was carried out using software SIMAPRO to determine the environmental impact of each scenario, through the comparison of impacts and the proposed improvements to reduce it, following phases of this methodology by applying standards, ISO 14040/ISO 14044 [2], using data from the INE official reports since 2006 until 2010 which concentrate the information of the WEEE problem in Mexico. These data were pooled to carry out inventories according to the availability in the information, identifying the environmental impacts generated by processing. The conclusions of the LCA will serve to identify the stage with greater environmental impact, and thus propose ideas for improvement in order to minimize this impact.

This study presents the environmental impact assessment of an absorption heat transformer designed to recover 1 kW of thermal energy from each 2 kW of waste heat supplies. The net contribution of the heat transformer is a load avoided of 0.665 kg CO2 equivalents; the recovery process avoids 0.729 kg CO2 equivalents and the major contribution to the environment impacts is the pumping process with 0.0437 kg CO2 equivalents for each 1 kWh recovered. The study results show that absorption heat transformer is a good environmental option because it produces useful energy from waste heat and the final result is an environmental impact diminution.