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The most biologically active compounds of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum can be classified into polysaccharides and terpenoids. Most of these biological compounds are supposed to associate with its antioxidant activity. Both of wild grown and cultivated G. lucidum have been commercially in demand in Indonesia during the past years. Due to their different growing conditions, the wild-grown and cultivated G. lucidum may contain different levels of effective chemical components which affect their quality and medicinal efficacy. This present study was carried out to determine the differences between wild-grown and cultivated G. lucidum which might be useful in exploring the characteristic of chemical compounds of G. lucidum regarding its antioxidant activity. The physicochemical evaluation was determined using gravimetric method. The phytochemical evaluation includes water – soluble polysaccharides, phenolic, and terpenoids content. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the radical scavenging activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. Cultivated G. lucidum from Godean has the highest water – soluble polysaccharides (29.86±2.42 GE, mg/g dw) and phenolic content (5.07±0.39 GAE, mg/g dw) among other studied samples. Whereas, cultivated G. lucidum from Gunung Kidul has the lowest water – soluble polysaccharides (21.65±2.45 GE, mg/g dw) and phenolic content (3.21±0.87 GAE, mg/g dw). Both of wild grown G. lucidum have higher terpenoids content compare to all of cultivated G.lucidum. The cultivated – Godean revealed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (the lowest IC50, 344.15±9.57 µg/mL) among of the studied samples. Hence, the results suggested that G. lucidum contained high metabolites compounds and has a potential natural source of antioxidants.

The study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Ulva sp. The antioxidant effects of the extracts were evaluated by the DPPH scavenging assay. Agar well diffusion method was performed to determine the antibacterial activity of the extracts against Escherichia coli FNCC 194. The chemical constituents of the extracts were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. The result exhibited that the ethanolic extract of Ulva sp. 2 possessed higher antioxidant activity compared to the ethanolic extract of Ulva sp. 1. At a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL, the radical scavenging activities from ethanolic extract of Ulva sp. 1 and Ulva sp. 2 were 22.34±9.71% and 32.67±4.23%, respectively. The ethanolic extract of Ulva sp. 2 showed higher antibacterial activity against E. coli FNCC 194 compared to the ethanolic extract of Ulva sp. 1. The FTIR spectroscopy analyzed that both ethanolic extracts have the same functional groups as follows O-H alcohols, C-H alkanes, C=C aromatic, and C-O alcohols. It indicated that the ethanolic extracts possibly contained phenolic compounds. From the study, it was concluded that the ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. can be explored as antioxidant and antibacterial agent candidates.

Curcuma xanthorrhiza is widely used in food and traditional medicine products. Due to its high demand, it is potential to be substituted or mixed with other species having similar appearance, therefore, rapid and reliable analytical method is highly required. The objective of this study was to develop 1H-NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics of pattern recognition as a metabolite fingerprinting technique for authentication of C. xanthorrhiza from Zingiber montanum. The powdered rhizomes were extracted using combination of methanol-D4 and phosphate buffer pH 6.0 in deuterium oxide (1:1 v/v) containing trimethylsilyl propionic acid (TSP) for chemical shift calibration. The variables extracted from 1H-NMR spectra were used for creating chemometrics models. Chemometrics of partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) using 7 principal components (PCs) successfully classified between authentic and adulterated samples of C. xanthorrhiza with high value of R2X (0.988), R2Y (0.998), and Q2 (0.993). Moreover, chemometrics of orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) using 2 PCs and 4 orthogonal components perfectly discriminated authentic and adulterated samples of C. xanthorrhiza. The model showed high R2X (0.965), R2Y (0.976) as well as Q2 (0.946) values. Validation using permutation test confirmed the validity both PLS-DA and OPLS-DA models. It suggested that combination of 1H-NMR and chemometrics method is promising for authentication of medicinal plants.