Spontaneous infections in cirrhotic patients: clinical and microbiological characteristics in a bi-institutional cohort from Uruguay.Infecções espontâneas em pacientes cirróticos: características clínicas e microbiológicas em uma coorte biinstitucional do Uruguai.Resumen: Los pacientes cirróticos hospitalizados presentan una alta prevalencia de infecciones bacterianas. Entre ellas, las denominadas infecciones espontáneas del cirrótico, que incluyen la peritonitis bacteriana espontánea, la bacteriemia espontánea y el empiema bacteriano espontáneo, constituyen un grupo particular, con un elevado riesgo de complicaciones y mortalidad. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir y caracterizar las infecciones espontáneas en el cirrótico, la microbiología prevalente y su perfil de resistencia antibiótica, en 2 centros asistenciales de Montevideo-Uruguay. Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y multicéntrico, que incluyó pacientes con cirrosis hepática hospitalizados, en el periodo marzo 2018-marzo 2019. Del total de pacientes ingresados con cirrosis (156), 25 (16%) desarrollaron una infección espontánea del cirrótico. En 24 de estos pacientes (96%) la cirrosis se encontraba en estadios avanzados (Child-Pugh B-C, MELD >15). La forma de presentación más frecuente fue la peritonitis bacteriana espontánea (52%), seguida de la bacteriemia espontánea (40%) y del empiema bacteriano espontáneo (8%). El aislamiento microbiológico fue posible en 17 casos (68%). En 12 de ellos (70%) se aislaron bacilos Gram negativos, en 4 (24%) bacilos Gram positivos, y Candida en 1 solo caso. Se identificaron 3 cepas productoras de BLEE (2 K. pneumoniae y 1 E. coli), y 4 microorganismos con otros perfiles de resistencia antibiótica (2 E. faecalis, 1 K. oxytoca, 1 E. cloacae). La prevalencia de microorganismos multirresistentes fue del 41%, siendo todos los casos en el grupo de adquisición nosocomial. La realización de otros estudios en esta área podría aproximarnos al conocimiento de la epidemiología local, para la optimización de los tratamientos empíricos dirigidos a los microorganismos más prevalentes, con el objetivo de mejorar el abordaje de las infecciones en los pacientes con cirrosis.
Objectives: Assess the cost-effectiveness of the combination between Polatuzumab (POLA) in combination with rituximab (R) and bevacizumab (B) against Rituximab and bevacizumab in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphomab (DLBCL). Methods: A partitioned survival model was adapted to represent the natural history of disease, and to estimate the economic and health benefits. The survival analysis was performed using IPD from GO29365 trial with parametric and cure mixture methods. The expected costs were measured in Chilean pesos (USD$1= CLP$702.63) and health benefits in quality adjusted life years (QALYs). The QALYs were estimated from utilities obtained from literature. A time horizon of 25 years and 3% discount rate were considered for cost and benefits. A probabilistic sensibility analysis was performed in order to characterize the second order uncertainty. Results: The total expected costs of treating the R/R DLBCL with the combination of POLA with R+B were higher than R+B (incremental cost POLA R+B vs R+B: $27,327.2). The estimated QALYs for POLA with R+B were the highest (incremental QALYs POLA R+B vs R+B: 1.20 QALYs). The base case scenario shows an ICER for POLA R+B vs R+B of $22,746.7 and $12,647.7/QALY for the scenario analysis. The DSA shows the utility in PD as the variable with the widest variability. At suggested threshold of $14,943.8 (1xGDP per capita in Chile), the CEAC shows that POLA with R+B has a 52% to be a cost-effectiveness alternative in comparison with R+B. Conclusions: The combination treatment of Polatuzumab with Rituximab and Bendamustina has showed to be the alternative that produced more QALYs , but it was more expensive, hence the new interventions was not a cost-effectiveness alternative at 1 GDP per capita to treat the R/R DLBCL, but It was cost-effective using a threshold of 2 GDP per capita.
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