Table A.1. The share of recovered fibres (re-utilization rate) and virgin fibres (i.e. wood chips from roundwood and sawmill co-products) in paper and particleboard production in three wood utilization scenarios. Products Type of pulp Share in total paper production % Share of recovered fibres (re-utilization rate) (%) Share of virgin fibre from roundwood (%) (c)*Assumed particleboard density of 650 kg/m 3 (UNECE/FAO, 2010); (1) Study in Belgium by Fedustria 2011 as cited by Sikkema et al., 2013; (2) Study in Netherlands newsprint sector by Norske Skog Parenco between 1991 and 2010 as cited by Sikkema et al., 2013.

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Undertaking under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 20757 "TECH4EFFECT". Special thanks to Olalla Díaz-Yáñez for providing the background data of her paper and Hans Verkerk for EFISCEN runs. 3 Sustainability impacts of increased forest biomass feedstock supply-a comparative assessment of technological solutions Sustainably managed forests provide renewable raw material, which can be used for primary/secondary conversion products and as biomass for energy generation. The potentially available amounts of timber, which are still lower than annual increments, have been published earlier. Access to this timber can be challenging for smalldimensioned assortments, however, technologically improved value chains can make them accessible while fulfilling economic and environment criteria. This paper evaluates the economic, environmental and social sustainability impacts of making the potentially available timber available with current and with technologically improved value chains. This paper focusses on increasing the biomass feedstock supply for energy generation. Quantified impact assessments show which improvements in terms of costs, employment, fuel and energy use, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions can be expected if better mechanized machines than before are provided. Comparative results for current and innovative machine solutions in terms of fuel use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions have been calculated using three different methods. This was done in order to quantify not only the impact of the technology choice but also the effect of the choice of the assessment method. Absolute stand-alone values can be misleading in analyses and the use of different impact calculation approaches in parallel is clarifying the limits of using LCA-based approaches. Impacts are calculated using three methods: Sustainability Impacts Assessment (SIA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Emission Saving Criteria (ESC). The ESC has been discussed for the recast of the Renewable Energy Directive. Potential EU-wide results are presented.

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