Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) develops in ~20% of patients with RA. SKG mice, which are genetically prone to development of autoimmune arthritis, develop a pulmonary interstitial pneumonia that resembles human cellular and fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, has been shown to reduce the decline in lung function. Therefore, we investigated the effect of nintedanib on development of pulmonary fibrosis and joint disease in female SKG mice with arthritis induced by intraperitoneal injection of zymosan (5 mg). Nintedanib (60 mg·kg·day via oral gavage) was started 5 or 10 wk after injection of zymosan. Arthritis and lung fibrosis outcome measures were assessed after 6 wk of treatment with nintedanib. A significant reduction in lung collagen levels, determined by measuring hydroxyproline levels and staining for collagen, was observed after 6 wk in nintedanib-treated mice with established arthritis and lung disease. Early intervention with nintedanib significantly reduced development of arthritis based on joint assessment and high-resolution μ-CT. This study impacts the RA and ILD fields by facilitating identification of a therapeutic treatment that may improve both diseases. As this model replicates the characteristics of RA-ILD, the results may be translatable to the human disease.

These data show a low percentage of patients with positive vaccination titres pre-transplant, a low revaccination rate post-transplant with limited antibody response, and a high rate of vaccination titre losses.

The vaccination coverage in paediatric kidney transplant candidates is incomplete. Paediatric nephrologists, together with primary-care staff and patients' families, should therefore make every effort to improve vaccination rates before kidney transplantation.