As defined by the DSM-IV, BPD is highly heritable. There are substantial genetic and nonshared environmental correlations between mania and depression, but most of the genetic variance in liability to mania is specific to the manic syndrome.

Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults.

No abstract

Background: Psychological therapies are the recommended first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous systematic reviews have grouped theoretically similar interventions to determine differences between broadly distinct approaches. Consequently, we know little regarding the relative efficacy of the specific manualized therapies commonly applied to the treatment of PTSD. Objective: To determine the effect sizes of manualized therapies for PTSD. Methods: We undertook a systematic review following Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. A predetermined definition of clinical importance was applied to the results and the quality of evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Results: 114 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) of 8171 participants were included. There was robust evidence that the therapies broadly defined as CBT with a trauma focus (CBT-T), as well as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), had a clinically important effect. The manualized CBT-Ts with the strongest evidence of effect were Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT); Cognitive Therapy (CT); and Prolonged Exposure (PE). There was also some evidence supporting CBT without a trauma focus; group CBT with a trauma focus; guided internet-based CBT; and Present Centred Therapy (PCT). There was emerging evidence for a number of other therapies. Conclusions: A recent increase in RCTs of psychological therapies for PTSD, results in a more confident recommendation of CBT-T and EMDR as the first-line treatments. Among the CBT-Ts considered by the review CPT, CT and PE should be the treatments of choice. The findings should guide evidence informed shared decision-making between patient and clinician. Terapias psicológicas para el trastorno de estrés postraumático en adultos: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis Objetivo: determinar los tamaños del efecto de las terapias manualizadas para el TEPT. Métodos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática siguiendo las guías de la Colaboración Cochrane. Se aplicó una definición predeterminada de importancia clínica a los resultados y se evaluó la calidad de la evidencia utilizando el enfoque de calificación de recomendaciones, evaluación, desarrollo y evaluaciones (GRADE). Resultados: se incluyeron 114 ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) de 8.171 participantes. Hubo evidencia robusta de que las terapias ampliamente definidas como TCC con un enfoque de trauma (TCC-T), así como la desensibilización y reprocesamiento POR movimientos oculares (EMDR), tuvieron un efecto clínicamente importante. Las CBT-Ts manualizados con la mayor evidencia de efecto fueron la terapia de procesamiento cognitivo (CPT); Terapia cognitiva (CT); y exposición prolongada (PE). También hubo alguna evidencia que apoya la TCC sin un enfoque traumático; TCC grupal con enfoque en trauma; TCC basada en Internet guiada; y terapia centrada en el presente (PCT). Hubo evidencia emergente para una serie de otras terapias. Conclusiones: Un aumento recie...

No abstract