honeybee / Apis mellifera / PFGE / physical mapping Although the honeybee is not a basic genetic model organism so far, the complex behavioural repertoire, the male haploidy, the extremely high rate of recombination and recent QTL and mapping studies have shown that the honeybee is becoming a model organism for genomic studies of naturally occurring traits [5,7] and sex determination [1,6] KCl,7.5 mM NaCl, 7.5 mM Tris, 0.1 mM sperminc, 0.25 mM spermidine, 0.5 M sucrose, 0.5 % Triton X-100, pH 7.4) and centrifuged at 8 000 g (4 °C) for 10 min in a SS34 rotor (Sorvall™).The supernatant and the fat at the top were carefully removed while the tube was directly cooled on ice. The remaining fat was wiped immediately from the inner surface of the tube using a paper tissue. The pellet containing the nuclei was resuspended in an equal volume of 125 mM EDTA, pH 7.5 (of about 300 μL) and mixed with an equal volume of prewarmed (45 °C) 1.5 % low melting agarose (in 125 mM EDTA, pH 7.5). The suspension was pipetted into insert moulds and cooled at 4 °C for gelling. Agarose inserts were treated with Proteinase K (2 mg·mL -1 ) in NDS-buffer (0.5 M EDTA, 10 mM Tris, pH 9, 1 % Sarkosyl) for a minimum of 24 h at 50 °C.

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