The goal of this study is to learn more about tourists' understanding of sustainable tourism. The empirical survey with 6,000 respondents in eight countries identifies the most relevant aspects of sustainable tourism from a tourists' perspective. Overall the perception is balanced over the different dimensions. Furthermore, five different types regarding tourists' understanding of sustainable tourism are identified in a cluster analysis and a potential market size of sustainable tourism of 22% of all tourists can be identified.

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Anticipating the upcoming deregulation of letter markets, incumbents must decide on how much to invest in process and product innovations in order to be competitive once markets are deregulated. We analyze this decision process with a two stage model with price competition and product di¤erentiation. We distinguish between the regulatory scenarios of end-to-end competition and work sharing, and compare these scenarios with regards to the incumbent's innovation incentives. We …nd that the incumbent's incentives for process innovations in the upstream segment are stronger under end-to-end competition. Assuming that the entrant's demand under work sharing is higher than the decline in the incumbent's demand, the incumbent's incentives for downstream process innovations are stronger under work sharing. If the access price is higher than the …rms' average downstream costs, incentives for product innovations are stronger under work sharing.

This paper outlines and analyzes different competitive strategies for an established platform provider in a two-sided market to defend against various forms of attack. Taking into account the characteristics of two-sided markets, we consider strategies based on product innovation and network effects, process innovation and pricing, multiple platforms, and switching costs. Network effects introduce dynamics that can quickly displace an incumbent platform. However, a platform provider can also use network effects to its advantage, entrenching itself firmly in the market by using appropriate strategies. These strategies are developed theoretically and illustrated by example of the mail industry.

Summary We develop an industry specific model of price competition with product differentiation to analyze the effect of entry regulation on process innovation in the Swiss mail industry. We consider the four most prominent scenarios: Regulated monopoly, end-to-end competition, worksharing without bypass, and work-sharing with bypass. Based on model calibration with data from the Swiss letter market, we find that the incentives to invest in process innovations decrease with deregulation. However, even accounting for this fact, the efficiency gains of a partial liberalization, i.e. worksharing, ensure an increase in social welfare.