In male patients with Fabry disease (FD), significant age-related cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs) can be found. Although characteristic symptoms including cerebrovascular events are highly prevalent also in females with FD, cerebral structural changes have not been investigated in female FD patients yet. The authors quantified the WML load of 13 male and 14 age-matched female patients with FD and could demonstrate a comparably high frequency and severity of WMLs in both groups.
Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder that is associated with marked cerebrovascular disease. Conventional MRI shows a progressive load of white matter lesions (WMLs) due to cerebral vasculopathy in the course of FD. To quantify brain structural changes in clinically affected male and female patients with FD we performed a prospective Diffusion-Tensor Imaging (DTI) study in 27 adult Fabry patients (13m, 14f) and 21 age-matched controls (12 m, 9f). Global Mean Diffusivity (MD) was increased in FD (P = 0.003) whereas global Fractional Anisotropy (FA) did not differ significantly between FD and controls. Even FD patients without significant WMLs (9m, 9f) showed increased global MD (P = 0.004). Regions of interest with significant MD elevations were located in the frontal, parietal and temporal white matter. No differences of thalamic and hippocampal DTI measurements could be detected between FD and controls. DTI parameters did not differ between male and female patients. The data provide the first evidence of a pattern of marked structural brain tissue alterations in adult FD male and female patients even without WMLs. DTI seems to be an appropriate diagnostic tool to quantify brain tissue integrity in FD. Moreover, this method could be favorable for longitudinal assessment of brain structure alterations in FD, and for monitoring the cerebral effects of enzyme replacement therapy.
The aim of the present study was to examine the involvement of brain structures, especially the amygdala-hippocampal complex, in dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT), and to assess the relation of amygdala-hippocampal atrophy with memory dysfunction. 14 patients with DAT and 10 healthy age-matched controls were examined with different neuropsychologic tests including the UCLA-Auditory Verbal Learning Test. MRI was performed with a conventional 1.5-tesla scanner. Atrophy was found in many brain structures of demented subjects in comparison with healthy age-matched controls. The volumes of amygdala-hippocampal complexes and of the temporal lobes of demented subjects were more reduced than the total brain volume and other structures. Memory dysfunction was highly correlated with atrophy of the amygdala-hippocampal complexes and of the temporal lobes. Consequently, DAT seems to affect the amygdala-hippocampal complex and their related function (i.e. memory) more than other cerebral structures, but cerebral degeneration in DAT is not restricted to these structures.
ZusammenfassungHintergrund und Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Klärung der Frage, ob sich bei Patienten mit einer leichten kognitiven Beeinträchtigung im Sinne eines amnestischen "mild cognitive impairment" (MCI) sog. ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen mit Hilfe der Diffusions-Tensor-Bildgebung (DTI) nachweisen lassen. MCI stellt einen häufigen Übergang vom normalen Nachlassen der geistigen Leistungsfähigkeit im Alter zur Alzheimer-Demenz dar. Das posteriore Cingulum ist als Teil des sog. Papez-Kreises ein wichtiges neuronales Substrat der episodischen Gedächtnisleistung, die bei MCI typischerweise gestört ist. Pathologische Verminderungen des Glukosemetabolismus im Bereich des posterioren Cingulum konnten mittels Positronenemissionstomographie (FDG-PET) als Frühindikator einer Alzheimer-Erkrankung bei Patienten mit MCI nachgewiesen werden. Patienten und Methodik: Bei 17 Patienten mit MCI, 25 Patienten mit klinisch manifester Alzheimer-Demenz und 21 altersentsprechenden gesunden Probanden wurden neuropsychologische Untersuchungen und Messungen der beiden mittels DTI ermittelten Parameter mittlere Diffusivität (MD) und fraktionelle Anisotropie (FA) im posterioren Cingulum durchgeführt. Die Platzierung der dazu erforderlichen "regions of interest" erfolgte mit Hilfe von farbkodierten Karten der Marklagerbahnen, die aus den Tensoren berechnet wurden. Ergebnisse: Die Messung ergab bei den Patienten eine signifikante Steigerung der MD und eine Abnahme der FA im hinteren Anteil des Cingulum. Die pathologischen Veränderungen der Diffusionscharakteristika (MD und FA) korrelierten außer-dem mit den kognitiven Leistungen der psychologischen Tests. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Befunde stellen möglicherweise einen frühen MR-Indikator für die Entwicklung einer Alzheimer-Demenz dar. Schlüsselwörter: DTI · Leichte kognitive Beeinträchtigung · Cingulum Klin Neuroradiol 2005;15:117-22Abstract Background and Purpose: The aim of this study was the detection of diffusion tensor imaging-(DTI-)derived parameters mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the posterior part of the cingulate fascicle in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) which is commonly regarded as an early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The posterior cingulate is an important part of the Papez circuit which subsumes necessary neural substrates of episodic memory. Decreases of posterior cingulate glucose metabolism corresponding to impaired memory performance could be demonstrated to indicate AD in MCI patients.
Zusammenfassung. Anhand eines Zwillingskollektivs und einer Gruppe ersterkrankter Schizophrener (zehn eineiige und zehn zweieiige Zwillingspaare, 38 ersterkaankte Schizophrene, 15 Kontrollen) wixd ein m6glicher genetischer Einflug auf Gr6Be und Windungsmuster des Planum temporate untersucht. MRT: FLASH-3D-Tl-gewichtete Datens~itze aus koronaren 3-mm-Schichten; 3D-Rekonstruktion mit ISG-Workstation Atlegro. Gemessen wurden L~inge ª Fl~iche des Planum temporale und L~inge des Heschlschen Gyrus. Der Windungsverlauf wurde nach qualitativen Kriterien beurteilt. Schizophrene zeigen im Gegensatz zu gesunden Kontrollen, eineiigen und zweieiigen Zwillingen vor allem bei der L~inge und weniger bei der Fl~iche des Planum temporale ein Rechtsª Die Unterschiede in der Rechts-links-Differenz sind bei ein-und zweieiigen Zwillingen etwa gteich grog, ebenso die Unterschiede in der Seitendifferenz der Windungsverl~iufe. Morphometrisch ergibt sich kein ausreichender Anhalt fª eine ª genetische Determinierung des Planum temporale, so dag die fehlende Lateralisation bzw. das Rechtsª bei den hier untersuchten Schizophrenen auf anderen vorgeburtlichen Einflª beruhen kann. MRT Examination of Asymmetry of the Pianum Temporale in Twins and First Episode SchizophrenicsSummary. Our airo was to examine a possible genetic determination of the dismrbed cerebral lateralisation in schizophrenics. Morphometric data of planum temporale of monozygotic and dizygotic twins were evatuated for congruence and compared to first episode schizophrenics and normal controls (10 monozygotic and 10 dizygotic twin pairs, 38 first episode schizophrenics, 15 normal controts). MRT: FLASH 3D T1weighted sequence, 3 mm coronal slices. Postprocessing on workstation ISG Allegro with 3D-reconstruction of the temporal lobe and evaluation of the ]ength and size of planum temporale and shape of Heschl's gyrus. In contrast to the normal left dominance of the size of planum temporale in twins and normal controls, schizophrenics showed a symmetry of slight dominante of right planum temporale. There was no significant difference in the asymmetry and non-congruence between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The lack of similarity of planum temporale in monozygotic twins is an argument against genetic detemfination of size and shape and therefore its disturbed laterality in schizophrenics might be due to non-genetic, developmental factors.
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