granites where redox conditions have been shown to change from close to the magnetite-28 hematite buffer to close to the nickel-nickel oxide buffer respectively (Stephens et al., 1985). Variations in the Mn concentration of apatites appear to be largely independent of differences 36 in the Mn concentration of the melt. Apatite Mn concentrations may therefore provide an 37 independent oxybarometer that is amenable to experimental calibration, with major relevance 38 to studies on detrital mineral suites, particularly those containing a record of early Earth 39 redox conditions, and on the climatic impact of historic volcanic eruptions. 40

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23 24 Accessory minerals contain a robust and accessible record of magma evolution. However, 25 they may reflect relatively late stage conditions in the history of the host magmas. In the 26 normally zoned Criffell granitic pluton (Scotland), whole-rock (WR) compositions reflect 27 open system assimilation and fractional crystallisation at depths of > 11 km, whereas 28 amphibole barometry and the absence of inherited zircon suggest that the observed mineral 29 assemblages crystallised following emplacement of magmas with little or no crystal cargo at 30 depths of 4 to 6 km. The crystallisation history is documented by large trace element 31 variations amongst apatite crystals from within individual samples: decreasing LREE and Th 32 concentrations in apatite crystals from metaluminous samples reflect broadly synchronous 33

Two domains have previously been recognized in the Archaean Reguibat Shieldof NW Mauritania, based primarily on their gross lithological differences (Rocci et al., 1991

SUMMARY The petrology and paragenesis of fracture mineralization hosted in the Ordovician, Dinantian (Carboniferous Limestone) and Permo-Triassic rocks of the Sellafield area were studied as part of the United Kingdom Nirex Limited programme of site investigations around Sellafield in west Cumbria for a deep repository for radioactive waste. This paper summarizes the petrological and mineralogical observations from 23 of the deep (up to 2 km) boreholes drilled by Nirex. A paragenetic sequence of nine Mineralization Episodes (ME1 to ME9) was recognized, and has been interpreted in the context of the geological and hydrogeological history of the Lake District massif and East Irish Sea Basin margin areas. ME1 to ME3 produced silicate and sulphide-dominated Palaeozoic epithermal to mesothermal mineralization associated with pre-Acadian hydrothermal circulation and late-Caledonian (mid-Devonian) intrusions. ME4 to ME7 represent carbonate-sulphate-fluorite-hematite-dominated mineralization associated with warm, complex, Na-Cl-Ca-SO 4 brines expelled from the East Irish Sea Basin area during progressive burial of the thick Carboniferous and Permo-Triassic sedimentary sequence. Sulphate-carrying brines expelled to the basin margin in the Sellafield area mixed locally with cooler, more dilute, sulphate-poor groundwaters carrying barium, resulting in the precipitation of barite. ME8 and ME9, by contrast, are closely related to the development of the present-day groundwater system. ME8 involved telodiagenetic, supergene alteration and weathering by near surface oxidizing groundwaters. Isotopic evidence indicates that ME8 was probably initiated following Late Tertiary uplift and may still be ongoing in some areas. ME9 may be coeval with ME8, but represents mineralization in the deeper, more-reducing groundwater environment. This mineralization episode is dominated by calcite (sometimes associated with pyrite, marcasite, barite, anhydrite or gypsum) precipitated from groundwaters of similar composition to those found in the Sellafield area at the present day. Observations suggest that ME9 mineralization occurred during the Quaternary and is ongoing in the present groundwaters.