Efficacy, safety and quality of life in a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on low-dose peanut oral immunotherapy in peanut allergic children

Flock house virus (FHV),Flock house virus (FHV) is a positive-strand RNA virus whose small genome, high-level replication, and other characteristics make it an attractive model for analyzing positivestrand RNA virus replication and assembly (6). FHV is the best-studied member of the Nodaviridae, the family with the smallest genomes of any animal positive-strand RNA virus. The Nodaviridae family contains viruses infecting a variety of invertebrates and vertebrates, including some viruses that cause lethal neuropathologies in fish (9,30,31). FHV was originally isolated from the grass grub Costelytra zealandica, near the Flock House agricultural research station in Bulls, New Zealand (13). FHV also replicates robustly in Drosophila melanogaster cells, converting 20% of total cell protein to viral protein (14, 16), and directs RNA replication in mammalian cells (5).The FHV genome consists of two RNAs, which are both packaged in a single, nonenveloped, icosahedral virion (17, 37). RNA1 (3.1 kb) serves as mRNA for protein A (112 kDa), which contains the Gly-Asp-Asp (GDD) amino acid motif characteristic of RNA polymerases and which is essential for FHV RNA replication (4, 15). FHV RNA2 (1.4 kb) encodes the capsid protein precursor (43 kDa) (11,15). RNA2 thus replicates only in the presence of RNA1, while RNA1 replicates efficiently in the absence of RNA2.RNA1 (see Fig. 1) also encodes a subgenomic RNA3 (0.4 kb) containing two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins B1 and B2 (20). The protein B1 ORF is the 3Ј end of the protein A ORF, which extends into RNA3. Translation of this B1 fragment (10.8 kDa) of protein A is not required for any step of the FHV life cycle, and the presence of an initiation codon in the corresponding region of the protein A ORF is not conserved in other nodaviruses (22). Protein B1 production is also inefficient, perhaps because the 7-nucleotide (nt) 5Ј untranslated region preceding its initiation codon is too short for efficient translation. Protein B2, translated from the second AUG in RNA3, accumulates to 20-fold-higher levels than B1 and can represent up to 5% of total cell protein (14). Protein B2 is not required for RNA1 replication or RNA3 synthesis in single-cycle replication assays but is required for maintenance of RNA1 replication upon serial RNA passaging (4). Based on these results, it was suggested that protein B2 might contribute to the fidelity of RNA replication or to regulating the balance of RNA1 translation and replication (4).We previously showed that, following transfection of FHV virion RNA into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FHV undergoes its complete replication cycle, including the production of infectious virions (34). Furthermore, we showed that an FHV RNA2-derived replicon could express a yeast reporter gene (34). However, the free RNA replicons are readily lost from dividing yeast populations, which would greatly inhibit

CIMT is designed to provide evidence as to whether metformin is advantageous even during insulin treatment and to provide evidence regarding which insulin analogue regimen is most advantageous with regard to cardiovascular disease.

To determine the nutritional requirment for iron in fish growth, the effect of daily addition of supplemental ferrous sulfate on the growth of Xiphophorus helleri and Xiphophorus maculatus (the swordtail and the platyfish) was measured by determination of weight gain and hematocrit levels. Both variables increased as a result of the added iron. The effectiveness of the treatment diminished as sexual maturity was approached. Treatment with ferrrous sulfate led to an increase in growth rate even in fish fed maximally with live brine shrimp. Ferric salt was not judged effective. Addition of ferrous iron also significantly decreased the mortality from hatching to maturity.