We reviewed the literature on transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) used as a therapy for overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms, with a particular focus on: stimulation site, stimuli parameters, neural structures thought to be targeted, and the clinical and urodynamic outcomes achieved. The majority of studies used sacral or tibial nerve stimulation. The literature suggests that, whilst TENS therapy may have neuromodulation effects, patient are unlikely to benefit to a significant extent from a single application of TENS and indeed clear benefits from acute studies have not been reported. In long-term studies there were differences in the descriptions of stimulation intensity, strategy of the therapy, and positioning of the electrodes, as well as in the various symptoms and pathology of the patients. Additionally, most studies were uncontrolled and hence did not evaluate the placebo effect. Little is known about the underlying mechanism by which these therapies work and therefore exactly which structures need to be stimulated, and with what parameters. There is promising evidence for the efficacy of a transcutaneous stimulation approach, but adequate standardisation of stimulation criteria and outcome measures will be necessary to define the best way to administer this therapy and document its efficacy.

Purpose: To clinically evaluate a new extended depth of focus intraocular lens (ISOPURE, PhysIOL) with optic design modification based on a unique polynomial concept to improve intermediate vision while keeping the quality of distance vision equal to a monofocal lens. Methods: 18 patients (11 female, 7 male, mean age of 69.4 years) with bilateral cataract and regular corneal astigmatism ≤ 1.0 D underwent bilateral cataract surgery with ISOPURE implantation. Patients were followed for up to 6 months. Measured parameters were uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected (UIVA) and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity at 80 cm and 66 cm (DCI80VA, DCI66VA) subjective refraction, defocus curve, tolerance of cylinder induction, and contrast sensitivity. The data from all implanted eyes (all-eyes) and a subset only including the first eye implanted for each patient were analysed. Results: The mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) decreased from 1.05 D pre-operatively to −0.15 D at the 4 -6 month assessment, with 80.6% of eyes within ±0.50 D of emmetropia. At the final follow-up, mean (SD) monocular CDVA was −0.06 (0.04) logMAR, DCI80VA was 0.18 (0.08) logMAR and DCI66VA was 0.27 (0.13) logMAR. Despite a cylinder induction of −0.50 D, uncorrected distance visual acuity of 0.02 logMAR was still achieved. Conclusion: The ISOPURE intraocular lens provides excellent distance corrected visual acuity for far and intermediate distances along with high contrast sensitivity and good tolerance of residual refractive cylinder.

Aim To evaluate the potential of the Support Vector Machine Regression model (SVM-RM) and Multilayer Neural Network Ensemble model (MLNN-EM) to improve the intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation for clinical workflow. Background Current IOL power calculation methods are limited in their accuracy with the possibility of decreased accuracy especially in eyes with an unusual ocular dimension. In case of an improperly calculated power of the IOL in cataract or refractive lens replacement surgery there is a risk of re-operation or further refractive correction. This may create potential complications and discomfort for the patient. Methods A dataset containing information about 2,194 eyes was obtained using data mining process from the Electronic Health Record (EHR) system database of the Gemini Eye Clinic. The dataset was optimized and split into the selection set (used in the design for models and training), and the verification set (used in the evaluation). The set of mean prediction errors (PEs) and the distribution of predicted refractive errors were evaluated for both models and clinical results (CR). Results Both models performed significantly better for the majority of the evaluated parameters compared with the CR. There was no significant difference between both evaluated models. In the ±0.50 D PE category both SVM-RM and MLNN-EM were slightly better than the Barrett Universal II formula, which is often presented as the most accurate calculation formula. Conclusion In comparison to the current clinical method, both SVM-RM and MLNN-EM have achieved significantly better results in IOL calculations and therefore have a strong potential to improve clinical cataract refractive outcomes.

Urinary incontinence, the leakage of urine, is a common condition, which can have a significant impact on a patient's quality-of-life. Incontinence may arise as a consequence of a weakness of the urinary sphincter or bladder dysfunction, usually over-activity. Incontinence therapies occupy a large proportion of the healthcare budget. As no single device to manage incontinence is appropriate for all situations, a diverse range of products are available on the market and the development of improved products based on fundamental designs has been slow. This review highlights some of the key issues of continence care and describes the current technology and recent developments involved in the diagnosis, assessment and treatment of incontinence, along with the strengths and limitations of these methods. These issues are imperative to address if improved technology is to be developed.