Infections represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Multiple factors related to the patient, tumor, and cancer therapy can affect the risk of infection in patients with solid tumors. A thorough understanding of such factors can aid in the identification of patients with substantial risk of infection, allowing medical practitioners to tailor therapy and apply prophylactic measures to avoid serious complications. The use of novel treatment modalities, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, brings diagnostic and therapeutic challenges into the management of infections in cancer patients. A growing body of evidence suggests that antibiotic therapy can modulate both toxicity and antitumor response induced by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and especially immunotherapy. This article provides a comprehensive review of potential risk factors for infections and therapeutic approaches for the most prevalent infections in patients with solid tumors, and discusses the potential effect of antibiotic therapy on toxicity and efficacy of cancer therapy.
ObjectivesMost patients in palliative oncology care are polymorbid and thus treated with multiple drugs. The therapeutic effect and safety of these drugs can be compromised by drug/drug interactions, but also by wider problems such as polypharmacy and compliance. The clinical pharmacist is, therefore, responsible for risk analysis and prevention. Our prospective open label non-randomised clinical study evaluated the importance of a clinical pharmacist in the palliative care team.MethodsA total of 250 outpatients were included in the clinical study: 126 women (50.4%) and 124 men (49.6%), with a mean age of 71 years (range 21–94 years; SD 11.9). The patients had the performance status scale 0–3(x∼=2). Clinical examinations were performed on a monthly basis (n=509 check-up visits). The clinical pharmacist prepared an educational chart for all medications used after each visit and evaluated any drug-related problems. Follow-up was 6 months.ResultsThis study found a significant association between drug related-problems and polypharmacy (p<0.001). A low risk of drug-rfelated problems was observed during the initial visit, that is, 68 female (27.2%) and 25 male (10.4%) patients. A greater clinical-pharmaceutical risk was observed among the patients taking antihypertensive drugs (p=0.003) and/or beta blockers (p=0.048).ConclusionThis study confirms the essential role of a clinical pharmacist in oncology palliative care. The feedback obtained from the patients showed a notable improvement in their quality of life. Further, this clinical study confirmed the need for a personalised approach in palliative oncology care.
Alarmující vzestup antibiotické rezistence mezi grampozitivními a gramnegativními bakteriemi vede k nutnosti maximálního využívání známých a dostupných antibiotik. Cílem této práce je upozornit na výhody a nevýhody antibiotik, které se na trhu objevily v posledních letech, a podělit se o klinické zkušenosti s jejich užitím ve vnitřním lékařství. Flucloxacilin je antibiotikum s významným protistafylokokovým účinkem, nejvýznamnější indikací perorální formy jsou infekce kůže a měkkých tkání s původcem Staphylococcus aureus a streptokoky. Intravenozní varianta flucloxacilinu je srovnatelnou alternativou oxacilinu a je možné ho využít i u závažných stafylokokových infekcí včetně infekční endokarditidy. Příspěvkem k léčbě nekomplikovaných močových infekcí jsou perorální antibiotika mecilinam a fosfomycin. Jejich výhodou je široké spektrum, velmi dobrá snášenlivost a možnost užití i u těhotných žen. Další přípravky rozšířily možnosti intravenózní léčby závažných infekcí způsobených multirezistentními (MDR) bakteriemi. Ceftazidim/avibaktam je účinný v léčbě infekcí způsobených Pseudomonas aeruginosa a především enterobakteriemi včetně producentů širokospektrých betalaktamáz ESBL, AmpC, KPC a OXA-48. Největší předností ceftolozan/tazobaktamu je jeho protipseudomonádový účinek, vyznačuje se výbornou klinickou účinností i na závažné infekce způsobené Pseudomonas aeruginosa včetně některých MDR kmenů.
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