This chapter aimed to demonstrate, by several illustrated examples, that Human Health should be considered as another major challenge of global soil security by emphasizing the fact that (a) soil contamination is a worldwide issue, estimations can be done based on local contamination but the extent and content of diffuse contamination is largely unknown; (b) although soil is able to store, filter and reduce contamination, it can also transform and make accessible soil contaminants and their metabolites, contributing then to human health impacts. The future scientific and societal challenges related to Soil-Human Health studies and soil security dimensions are discussed afterwards based on current programs and literature review.

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The determination, in terms of priorities, of actions to be conducted in order to lower the odour nuisances in the vicinity of an industrial plant, requires the establishment of a hierarchy of the different sources, and to the end, the evaluation of malodorous compounds emitted by the various types of structures.To answer this problem, it is necessary to develop, on one hand, very sensitive physico-chemical analytical methods, with privileging the continuous analysis on the site, in order to evidence the nature of responsible malodorous compounds and the evolution of their emission with time and, one the other hand, protocols of specific air sampling, for determining the pollutant loads emitted into the atmosphere, specially from surface sources.The general methodology for sources characterisation is described and examples of applications in various types of industrial plants are presented.

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