Precision irrigation for water use efficiency in Mediterranean agriculture. Irrigated agriculture sustainability in the Mediterranean basin depends on the efficient use of water resources to face future scenarios of increasing demographic trends and climate change. In this sense, the new digital technology networks (Internet of Things, IoT) which collect multiple data and facilitate decision making, can be used as helpful tools for the correct determination and application of irrigation water. The present Doctoral Thesis is framed around the three axes of the efficient irrigation: water distribution system selection, determination of irrigation water needs and plant water status assessment. The experiment detailed in Chapter II is focused on the selection of the drip irrigation system better adapted to the peculiarities of citrus crops. The possible advantages of subsurface drip irrigation and the installation of irrigation laterals with higher density of emitters per plant were evaluated. Specifically, in the study was assessed the performance of the mandarin (Citrus clementina, Hort. Ex Tan. 'Arrufatina') under a surface (SI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSI) with 7 (SI7, SSI7) or 14 emitters (SI14, SSI14) per plant, as well as a third SS treatment (SSIA), identical to SSI7 but equipped with an additional drip line buried between the tree rows. Treatments were assessed in terms of yield, fruit composition, water productivity (WP) and water savings. Results showed that, on average, water savings were 23.0% in the SSI treatment compared to the SI treatment without significant differences in either yield or fruit composition. SSIA was the treatment with the lowest irrigation volumes and the highest yield and compared to SI7 over the three years with water savings ranging from 22 to 28%. Results from this Abstract study show that there is an opportunity to substantially save water in the Mediterranean citrus farming system using SSI drip irrigation systems. Chapter III proposes a methodology for estimating irrigation water needs for mandarins based on the use of capacitance water content probes (e.f. FDR). The calculation procedure is defined in three sequential parts: i) soil water content thresholds determination adapted to plants requirements for different phenological stages; ii) standardizing measurements from capacitance probes by using a hydrological simulation software to minimize equipment uncertainty; and finally iii) an extrapolation procedure for adapting critical soil water content thresholds to different soil conditions. Validating this strategy in a citrus orchard (Citrus clementina, Hort. Ex Tan. 'Arrufatina') a water saving of 26% was reached without significant differences in yield and increasing the WP by 33%. It was concluded that the determination and use of the soil water content thresholds is an alternative tool for scheduling irrigation. In the experiments described in the Chapter IV a leaf turgor pressure sensor (Yara ZIM-probe) was evaluated as plant water status indicator in order to f...