The aim of the article is to present the physical and chemical properties of the refuse derived fuel (RDF) substrates, which have a significant impact on the energy recovery process in power plants. The experimental part includes technical (moisture and ash content, net and gross calorific values) and elemental analyses (sulfur, chlorine and mercury content), biomass and non-biomass concentration in the samples. In order to carry out the analysis of reactor slagging and fouling risk, chemical composition of the ash and characteristic ash fusion temperatures were determined. The waste samples are heterogeneous material and their properties are diversified-the moisture content ranges from 1.8 to 29.2 wt. %, the net calorific value from 17.231 to 28.
Abstract. The scope of this publication is a presentation of environmental issues and process risks connected with operation an installation for carbon capture from waste gas. General technological assumptions, typical for demonstration plant for carbon capture from waste gas (DCCP) with application of two different solutions -30% water solution of monoethanoloamine (MEA) and water solution with 30% AMP (2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol) and 10% piperazine have been described. The concept of DCCP installation was made for Łaziska Power Plant in Łaziska Górne owned by TAURON Wytwarzanie S.A. Main hazardous substances, typical for such installation, which can be dangerous for human life and health or for the environment have been presented. Pollution emission to the air, noise emission, waste water and solid waste management have been described. The environmental impact of the released substances has been stated. Reference to emission standards specified in regulations for considered substances has been done. Principles of risk analysis have been presented and main hazards in carbon dioxide absorption node and regeneration node have been evaluated.
Refuse Derived Fuels are used as energy carrier mainly in cement plants; however, more and more often they are applied in power plants as a substitute for fossil fuels. In order to prepare a proper waste-to-energy investment, the availability of the fuel, as well as fuel properties should be determined. The article presented the amounts of generated RDF in Poland, number installation which produced RDF in 2019 and 2020 and amounts of incinerated RDF in cement and incineration plants. The amount of generated RDF is rather constant -about 2.5 million Mg/year. RDF is mainly incinerated in cement plants -about 1.5 million Mg/year. The article also presented general physicochemical analysis of several RDF samples and coal. Some of the RDF samples reached high energy parameters -low heating value up to 25 MJ/kg; however, the properties vary a lot, due to their heterogeneous character, technological process of their production and other factors. In practice, the requested parameters and amount of RDF are established and the RDF producer prepares and delivers the fuel according to the concluded contract.
In the article issues related to production and application of all kinds of waste with 191210 code are presented. In European Waste Catalogue the waste with 191210 code are denoted as combustible waste (waste-derived fuels), regardless its origin (municipal, industrial or mixed). Data contained in voivodships' reports related to waste management are applied in this article. The 191210 waste are generated by specialized waste-derived fuels producers or regional waste management installation in a mechanical-biological treatment. The amount of produced waste-derived fuels varied from 2.3 to 2.6 million tones in 2015-2017. The authors conclude, that there is no balance between the amount of production and energy recovery of combustible waste in Poland in 2015-2017. In 2017 about 2.3 million tones of waste-derived fuels were produced, while about 1.3 million tones were recovered and almost all the waste were applied in a cement industry. These changes have a significant impact on the economy of waste management sector, in the field of combustible waste production. The oversupply of the waste enforces waste price to decrease. In some cases it even causes a necessity of additional payment for recovery or disposal of low-quality waste. In the near future we should recon with stabilization of the combustible waste receiving level by the cement industry, which begins to reach limits of its technological possibilities. It is because the fossil fuel replacement by combustible waste is very high. The cement plants requires high quality waste, so they are very often enriched in R12 recovery process (exchange of waste for submission to other recovery processes R1-R11). We should also take into account the increase of combustible waste request by other installations, including power and heat facilities, like Stora Enso, PGE Energia Ciepła S.A. Rzeszów and Fortum in Zabrze. Also existing municipal waste incineration plants incinerate small amount of the waste-derived fuels.
The article discusses issues related to the generation, use, and transboundary movement of waste labeled with the code 191210 according to the waste catalogue regardless of its origin (municipal, industrial or mixed). Data contained in voivodship reports related to waste management and information about transboundary shipments shared by the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection were also used in the article. The imbalance in the amount of produced and energetically used alternative fuels in Poland in the years 2015 to 2017 has been confirmed. This affects the economy of the waste management sector involved in the production of alternative fuels. The oversupply causes the prices of alternative fuels to fall and increases the need for subsidies in the case of the recovery or disposal of alternative fuels of lower quality. In the near future one should expect a stabilization of the supply of combustible waste to the cement industry, which is now beginning to achieve its technological potential; this is due to a high degree of replacement of fossil fuels. One should also expect an increase in the demand for alternative fuels from the commercial power sector and heating sector. It has been shown that much more alternative fuel is imported than exported from Poland. The amount of imported alternative fuel in the market is relatively low compared to the amount of fuel produced in the country. This oversupply affects, although not significantly, the possibility of using domestic waste for energy recovery. The export of the alternative fuel produced in the country is a favorable phenomenon when there is no possibility of sale on the domestic market. It seems rational, especially in the case of exports from installations producing fuels in border provinces.
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