No abstract

Humans recognize each other according to their various characteristics. For example, a father can recognize his daughter by her face when he meets her and by her voice when she speaks to him. In information technology, biometrics is defined as a method to measure and analyze human body characteristics such as iris, DNA, fingerprints, facial patterns, retina and hand measurements, and so on. For authentication purposes, biometrics is a method of recognizing humans depend on unique physical or behavioral characteristics [1,2]. Not all human traits can be used as a biometric, but it should be characterized by: *Author for correspondence  Universality: all persons must possess the biometric trait.  Distinctiveness: the biometric traits should be unique for each person as DNA.  Permanence: a good biometric trait is invariant or changes slowly over time.  Collectability: a biometric trait should be easily collected quantitatively.In addition, the biometric system should be characterized by: Acceptability: The extent for users to accept the daily using of biometric identifiers.  Performance:according to requirements, accuracy, speed, and robustness.  Circumvention: it should counteract to fraudsters [3].

Biometrics was used as an automated and fast acceptable technology for human identification and it may be behavioral or physiological traits. Any biometric system based on identification or verification modes for human identity. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is considered as one of the physiological biometrics which impossible to mimic or stole. ECG feature extraction methods were performed using fiducial or non-fiducial approaches. This research presents an authentication ECG biometric system using non-fiducial features obtained by Discrete Wavelet Decomposition and the Euclidean Distance technique was used to implement the identity verification. From the obtained results, the proposed system accuracy is 96.66% also, using the verification system is preferred for a large number of individuals as it takes less time to get the decision.

The inability to control the limbs is the main reason that affects the daily activities of the disabled which causes social restrictions and isolation. More studies were performed to help disabilities for easy communication with the outside world and others. Various techniques are designed to help the disabled in carrying out daily activities easily. Among these technologies is the Smart Wheelchair. This research aims to develop a smart eye-controlled wheelchair whose movement depends on eye movement tracking. The proposed Wheelchair is simple in design and easy to use with low cost compared with previous Wheelchairs. The eye movement was detected through a camera fixed on the chair. The user's gaze direction is obtained from the captured image after some processing and analysis. The order is sent to the Arduino Uno board which controls the wheelchair movement. The Wheelchair performance was checked using different volunteers and its accuracy reached 94.4% with a very short response time compared with the other existing chairs.

Biometrics is an interesting area of research as a result of tremendous technological advances, especially in security. It is considered as an automated technology used for identification based on biological or behavioral human traits. An electroencephalogram (EEG) is the brain electrical activity signals considered as biological traits used in biometrics systems.The primary goal of this work is trying to find a single EEG channel to be used for human identification purposes. A single EEG channel recording is used for personal identity-based verification mode, which is preferred for many subjects with instant real-time system decisions. Percent residual difference (PRD) is a common quantitative measurement used to determine the human identity-based measures the distance between two signals. The proposed system sensitivity gives 100% using some single channels placed in the parietal and occipital lobes. The proposed system takes a short time in the enrolment process with an instant decision using verification mode, which is preferred with a large number of subjects. Also, using imaginary tasks is preferred for human identity verification.