Computer modelling and simulation methods are very important and play a critical role in the mitigation and response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we propose a computational modeling technique based on Cellular Automata (CA) with realistic proposed rules. The rules are designed to simulate the propagation of COVID-19 disease through a bounded area. Our proposed CA rules are novel in many respects. For on, the classification of neighbors to nearest neighbors and range of neighbors based on cellular layers is explained. Moreover, the concepts of time generation and access time are deployed for the first time to model the propagation of the disease over time in this work. Further details of the proposed model including the topology of the defined area, the initial states of the cells and four-layer transfer mechanism are explained as well. This work may be considered a criterion of spreading for COVID-19 from point source in a defined population area. The results of the proposed algorithm represent the percentage of the population whose infectious status is described by different cellular state objects after a defined generation time. The results are compared under different circumstances and analyzed equanimity.

Purpose:To evaluate dimensions of Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ) at level of superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP/DCP), in patients with different grades of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy without Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA).Patients and Methods: 80 type II diabetes mellitus patients and 20 healthy control subjects were included in this cross sectional study ,aged from 40-60 years with DM type 2 of more than five years ,ecxluding proliferative diabetic retinopathy and DME.Patients were subdivided into four groups according to ETDRS Classification (without retinopathy,mild ,moderate and sever retinopathy) .All subjects undewent: measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin level ,standard Structural Optical coherence tomography for the macula and optic nerve head with OCTA for evaluation of FAZ in both SCP and DCP networks of all eyes using (Heidelberg engineering, OCT spectralis, Germany) (SD-OCT). Results: Mean total macular thickness in control group (322.89 ± 16.31 μm) vs (316.57 ± 20.21 μm) in patients` group.Average RNFL thickness(158.61 ± 12.99 μm )in control group vs(156.07 ± 22.58) μm in patients` group.Mean FAZ in SCP in control group ( 0.32 ± 0.12) mm2 versus( 0.44 ± 0.17) mm2 in patients` group, while FAZ IN DCP (0.23) mm2 ± 0.12 in controls versus ( 0.34 ± 0.16) mm2 in patients.There was a statistically significant wider FAZ in DR patients (P-value 0.003).Conclusion: Enlargement of FAZ in SCP and DCP in patients with moderate to severe NPDR without DME was detected using OCTA, proceeded by neurodegenerative changes with reduction in thickness of ORL and GCC layer. This can be used to monitor the progression of the disease and to evaluate the response to treatment.

Background: To highlight a newly modified technique for levator muscle tucking for the management of mild to moderate blepharoptosis.Methods: A prospective single-centre study enrolling 180 patients with blepharoptosis at Ain Shams University Hospitals from March 2017 to February 2019. Patients of unilateral or bilateral mild to moderate ptosis with good levator function (more than 8 mm) were included. Those with severe, traumatic, recurrent, mechanical ptosis, Marcus–Gunn jaw winking syndrome, third nerve palsy, absent Bell’s phenomenon, or abnormal ocular motility were excluded. The follow-up was at one week, one month, three months, six months, and one year visits. Functional outcome was assessed by analysis of the upper eyelid margin position in relation to the superior limbus and classified as very good (2 mm), good (2–4 mm), poor (5 mm) and preoperative to postoperative difference in marginal reflex distance (MRD). The aesthetic outcome was assessed in the form of symmetry of eyelid height, lid contour, lid crease presence, and degree of patient`s postoperative satisfaction.Results: The newly modified technique of levator tucking had a success rate of 92.1% in the form of a very good (77.7%) and good (14.4%) functional outcome, with highly acceptable aesthetic outcomes: symmetry of eyelid height in unilateral cases (86.1%) and bilateral cases eye (84%), lid contour regularity (91.6%) and lid crease symmetry (88.8%). Postoperative patient satisfaction was 83%, with a short operating time of 27.4 ± 4.6 minutes per eye.Conclusion: The newly modified technique of levator tucking is a rapid, simple, highly effective technique, with less recurrence and high patient satisfaction.Trial Registration:· Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov· Unique identifying number: NCT04883853· Date of registration: 11/5/2021 (retrospectively registered).

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Background: Evaluating Foveal avascular zone by OCTA (Optical Coherence Tomography angiography) in diabetic patients, has a crucial role in early detection of pathophhsiological changes affecting the macular area, and has a pedective value for early retinal neuro degenerative changes. Materials and experiments: Aim: To evaluate dimensions of Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ) at level of superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP/DCP) in patients with different grades of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy without Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) using OCTA. Eighty type II diabetes mellitus patients and 20 healthy control, ecxluding proliferative diabetic retinopathy and DME. Divided to four groups according to ETDRS Classification. All undewent: measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin level, standard Structural OCT for the macula and optic nerve head with OCTA for evaluation of FAZ in both SCP and DCP networks of all eyes using (Heidelberg engineering, OCT spectralis, Germany) (SD-OCT). Results: Mean FAZ in SCP in control group (0.32 ± 0.12) mm 2 versus (0.44 ± 0.17) mm 2 in patients` group, while FAZ IN DCP (0.23) mm 2 ± 0.12 in controls versus (0.34 ± 0.16) mm 2 in patients. There was a statistically significant wider FAZ in DR patients (P-value 0.003). Conclusion: Enlargement of FAZ in SCP and DCP in patients with moderate to severe NPDR without DME was detected using OCTA, Preceeded by reduction in thickness of ORL and GCC layer. This can be used to monitor the progression of the disease and to evaluate the response to treatment.