The efficacy of Natural diatomaceous (DE) alone and combined with three fungal pathogens: Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea against three moth species, Plodia interpunctella, Ephestia cautella and E. kuehniella was evaluated. Modified diatoms with Calcium hydroxide (Ca-DE) and modified diatoms with Sodium hydroxide (Na-DE) were the highlight treatments against tested insects and achieved the highest mortality percentages. E. kuehniella achieved the highest tolerant to tested DEs. B. bassiana was the most effective fungus alone against the three tested insects. Ca-DE and Na-DE treatments strongly enhanced the potency of the tested fungi. E. kuehniella was more susceptible to M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. Larvae of P. interpunctella and E. cautella were more tolerant to I. fumosorosea alone than E. kuehniella. In most cases, DE combinations with tested fungi had synergistic effects, while in E. cautella, modified diatoms with Aluminium hydroxide (Al-DE) decreased the efficacy of M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea. Also, Al-DE and DE impaired the efficacy of I. fumosorosea against E. kuehniella. The egg production was highly suppressed by combination of Ca-DE followed by Na-DE with tested fungi in comparison to untreated control. The combination of Ca-DE/Beauveria bassiana strongly suppressed the number of deposited eggs of P. interpunctella (54.6±5.8 eggs/female), in comparison to untreated control (288.3±3.4 eggs/female).The most effective DEs modification were Ca-DE and Na-DE had insecticidal, repellent and ovicidal effects against tested insects and they had synergistic effects on the potency of tested fungi.

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Fire performance of polypropylene (PP) containing different percentages of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with montmorillonite (Mt) or treated montmorillonite (MtT) was carried out by using the cone calorimeter test (CCT). Different samples from ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite were mixed with 90% polypropylene. The characterization of the prepared samples indicates that there is incorporation between the components of the samples. Heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (Av-HRR), and time to ignition (TTI) of the samples were obtained from the cone calorimeter test. Also, the fire performance index (FPI) and the fire growth rate (FIGRA) were calculated. The interpretation of the curves and the parameters results from the cone calorimeter test which indicates that the addition of montmorillonite to APP increases its action as a flame retardant for PP. Moreover, the samples contain acid treatment montmorillonite showed an increase in the efficiency of ammonium polyphosphate when used. This result may be due to an increase in the SiO2 content by acid treatment.

KEYWORDSCerium phosphate, CePO4, nanoparticles with hexagonal or monoclinic phase was synthesized by the reaction between Ce(SO4)2.4H2O and two different phosphate sources, H3PO4 and Na2HPO4. The obtained gel was dried and calcined at different temperatures (200, 400, and 800 о C). The effects of the precursor materials and the calcination temperatures on the produced phases were studied. Both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) were used to follow the changes in the phase structure for the produced samples. The thermal behaviour of the as prepared samples was studied by using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology, crystallinity and particle size of the produced samples as prepared and calcinated were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The analysis of TEM results indicated that CePO4 was prepared in nano-sized particles.Cerium phosphate Synthesis X-ray diffraction IR DSC/TGA TEM

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