Background: phase contrast MR imaging is a rapid, simple and non-invasive technique which is sensitive to even small CSF flows, and can be used to evaluate CSF flow both qualitatively and quantitatively. Cine phase contrast MR images show CSF flow in a dynamic, more easily appreciable, and in a more pleasing manner, allowing the delineation of obstruction, if present, along the portions of CSF pathway where obstruction is common (foramen of Monro, acqueduct of Sylvius) Patients and Methods: the study includes 20 patients from the pediatric population with ventriculomegaly (diagnosed by a radiological report) referred from Ain Shams Pediatric Hospital, Neurosurgery department at Ain Sahms University, clinic, and outpatients. Control group of 20 pediatric patients of matched age group underwent CSF flow study to obtain normal reference values. These patients had no hydrocephalus and came to our institute to undergo MRI for other neurological causes. CSF flowmetry was added to their study after obtaining oral informed consent from their parents. Results: our study included 20 patients, 8 males and 12 females, with age range 2 months -12 years and average age 3.5 years old. All patients included were diagnosed with hydrocephalus by a previous radiological report. All patients underwent conventional MRI brain and CSF flowmetry. Patients were given diagnosis based on findings of conventional MR images, and were categorized into groups according to their underlying etiologies. 9 patients had aqueductal stenosis, 4 patients had atrophy, 2 patients had communicating hydrocephalus, 2 patients had Arnold Chiari malformation, 1 patient had Dandy-Walker variant, 1 patient had obstruction at foramen of Monro, and 1 had obstruction at foramen of Magendi. CSF flowmetry was added to evaluate the cause of hydrocephalus. Conclusion: phase contrast MR imaging is a rapid, simple and non-invasive technique which is sensitive to even small CSF flows, and can be used to evaluate CSF flow both qualitatively and quantitatively, and could be used in conjunction with conventional MRI in assessment of cases of hydrocephalus.

Background: To evaluate the role of interventional radiology for diagnosis and treatment of the Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Introduction: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a term used to describe a group of disorders that occur when blood vessels and/ or nerves in the space between the lower neck and upper chest area (the thoracic outlet) are compressed. Symptoms include neck, shoulder, and arm pain, numbness in the fingers, or weakness, impaired circulation and discoloration of the extremities. Often symptoms are reproduced or worsened when the arm is positioned above the shoulder or extended. Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome is suggested by the symptoms and physical findings and is supported by Electromyography (EMG) and/or radiological examinations. Materials and Methods: About 42 patients were examined in our department in 2016, 4 patients underwent venous thrombolysis and angioplasty before the surgary. Every patient had superior thorax aperture x-ray, and cervical spine x ray. Both median cubital veins were punctured and indirect arteriogram for the both subclavian arteries and venogram for both subclavian veins in normal position, in abduction and in hyperabduction position were done. The examinations were done in sitting position. The number of patients with subclavian artery occlusion is more than the patients who had subclavian vein occlusions. We treated 4 patients with venous occlusion and thrombosis with thrombolysis and angioplasty before the operation. Results: The number of patients with subclavian artery occlusion is more than the patients who had subclavian vein occlusions. We treated 4 patients with venous occlusion and thrombosis with thrombolysis and angioplasty before the operation. Conclusions: Interventional radiology confirms the diagnosis of the TOS, plays an important role in the treatment of their complications and could be an adjuvant therapy to improve the surgical result.