BACKGROUND: In late 2019, a novel coronavirus was detected in Wuhan, China that caused a pandemic by September 2021, resulting in 224,180,411 cases and more than 4,600,000 deaths worldwide. In response to the pandemic, the Autonomous Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq (KRG) imposed strict infection control measures at its borders for all travelers from neighboring countries, wherein each traveler was subjected to a mandatory Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test on arrival to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected travelers. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of infection with SARS-CoV-2 among the travelers entering Kurdistan region through Ibrahim Al-Khalil crossing point with Turkey as a predictor for the upcoming infection waves. METHODS: The data of RT-PCR tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 in all travelers arriving at the Ibrahim Al-Khalil Border Crossing between Iraq and the Republic of Turkey was reviewed from 21st August 2020 to 21st August 2021. RESULTS: It was found that there were 9,873 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections among 1,082,074 travelers during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the importance of mass testing of travelers at border crossings to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background and objective: Acinetobacter baumannii is pathogenic and multiresistant bacteria that cause nosocomial infection. The aim of this study are diagnosis A. baumannii by using specific bla OXA-51 and 16SrRNA. Methods: out of 150 Acinetobacter species samples were collected from patients in Azadi teaching hospital, Duhok Emergency hospital; and burn Duhok cosmetic and burn hospital from May 2020 to August 2020. The samples were phenotypically diagnosed by bacteriological strategy. Out of 100 samples were selected and by molecular level confirmed as Acinetobacter spp. Results: isolates were revealed as small, pale, and late-lactose fermenter colonies on MacConkey agar appeared as a creamy, opaque, andnon-hemolytic colony on blood agar All suspected isolates, as A. baumannii, were growing at 44ºC. By using the genus-specific bla OXA-51 primer that produced 353 bp amplification band and 75 samples were diagnosed by PCR as A. baumannii by 16S rRNA as a specific primer and showed 150 bp amplicon. 10 samples out of the 75 resembling A. baumannii were identified as a multidrug resistant isolates by method of diffusion. Disc, A. baumannii isolates displayed a high resistance rate of 85% to azithromycin and 80% to imipenem. Moreover, amikacin, meropenem, and gentamycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin showed a low level of efficacy against A. baumannii isolates with the resistant rate of 88%, 90%, 90%, and 93% respectively.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the foremost imperative opportunistic pathogens. Urinary characteristic disease is the common infectious bacterial contamination caused by K. pneumonia, that are rising around the world comprising a danger to community and clinic settings. K. pneumonia Isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial susceptibility. Samples were taken from 80 patients with diverse diseases infection. Genomic DNA of K. pneumonia Confines were extricated and detection of ESBL Genes was 53.75% of the isolates were predominance for ESBL Genes blaTEM, blaSHV and bla CTX-M 82.5, 92.5 and 70 %, respectively. Out of 100 obtained clinical isolates of K. pneumonia from diverse healing centers and therapeutic research facilities in Duhok/ Iraq as it were (80%) isolates had a place to the genus K. pneumonia. Ampicillin and Aztreonam 100 % anti-microbial resistance where was Imipenem Ertapenem Meropenem 100% sensitive. Conveyance of ESBLs creating K. pneumoniae among different clinical tests because it was 71.42% in urine, 40. 90 % in wound swabs, 42. 10 % in sputum and 50 % in blood culture. The recurrence of the ESBL production can easily be thought little of within the clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae with the utilize of the current CLSI suggested strategies, an ideal recognizable proof of the ESBL creating isolates is basic to define approaches for an experimental antimicrobial treatment

In this study, 225 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were recovered from burn wounds in major hospitals in Duhok and Erbil, Iraq, between April 2015 and September 2015. A total of 136 of these isolates were from men, comprising 60.4% of the total, whereas 89 (39.6%) were recovered from women. One hundred of these isolates were selected (50 from each province of Erbil and Duhok) and subjected to 16 different antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. The isolates showed a high level of resistance to most of the tested antibiotics, with 90% of the isolates being multidrug resistant. Imipenem was considered as the most effective antibiotic against these isolates with a resistant rate of 47%. The genome of all of these isolates were successfully amplified and produced a single band for the 16S rDNA locus with a molecular weight of about 956 base pairs, which was used to confirm, at the molecular level, that all these isolates were indeed P. aeruginosa. The results of the detection of five virulence-related genes including opr1, toxA, exoS, lasB, and nan1 revealed that 10 of these isolates, accounting for 10%, lacked any of the tested virulence markers. The opr1 gene, as a marker for the presence of a pathogenicity island, was the most dominant marker among all the virulence markers and was detected in 90 isolates (90%), followed by the toxA and exoS genes, which were both observed in 86 (86%) isolates, whereas the lasB gene was found in 82 (82%) isolates and the nan1 gene in 35 (35%) of the isolates, respectively.

Background The existence of different subsets related to virulence-associated genes in specific path types that are lacking in commensal isolates explains the wide range of pathogenic characteristics and clinical symptoms induced through E. coli path Amis : Using PCR-method to investigate E. coli phylogenetic analysis. Detecting the prevalence related to virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli, as well as their distribution within phylogenetic groupings. Methods 365 E. coli UTI infection isolates were collected from clinical cases from three major hospitals in Duhok -Iraq.Two hundred and five (56.16%) isolated from male patients and 165 (43.83%) from female patients. One hundred isolates were extracted with a commercial kit, with an average of the concentration of genomic DNA extracted using the commercial kit at 115.25ng/µl with a purity of 1.8. Results to confirm that the genome of all isolates is E. coli, all strains with a molecular weight of approximately 657 bp were successfully amplified producing a single band of uidA as the species-specific gene. The results revealed that Pai and hyl genes related to virulence and antibiotic resistance were absent from any of the tested markers in 10 (28%) of these isolates. As a marker for the presence of a pathogenicity island, the Pai gene is the most dominant marker among all other virulence markers with 75%, followed by the hyl gene with 69 percent. Conclusion There may be a spill of information for the resistance circumstance exterior the clinic environment, particularly for the predominance of multiresistant microbes in solid individuals