No abstract

Due to rapid changes in the environment, vehicular communication channels no longer satisfy the assumption of wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering. The non-stationary fading process can be characterized by assuming local stationarity regions with finite extent in time and frequency. The local scattering function (LSF) and channel correlation function (CCF) provide a framework to characterize the mean power and correlation of the non-stationary channel scatterers, respectively. In this work, we estimate the LSF and CCF from measurements collected in a vehicle-to-infrastructure radio channel sounding campaign in a suburban environment in Lille, France. Based on the CCF, the stationarity region is evaluated in time as 567 ms, and used to capture the non-stationary fading parameters. We obtain the time-varying delay and Doppler power profiles from the LSF, and we analyze the corresponding root-mean-square (RMS) delay and Doppler spreads. We show that the distribution of these parameters follows a lognormal model. Finally, application relevance in terms of channel capacity and diversity techniques is discussed. Results show that the assumption of ergodic capacity and the performance of various diversity techniques depend on the stationarity and coherence parameters of the channel. The evaluation and statistical modeling of such parameters can provide a way of tracking channel variation, hence, increasing the performance of adaptive schemes.

This paper analyses the experimentally-assessed dual-polarized (DP) mobile channel in a tunnel environment at 1.35 GHz under traffic conditions. We investigate the impact of antenna polarization and radiation pattern on the non-stationary vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) channel. Basic channel evaluation metrics are examined including path gain, co-polarization ratio (CPR), and cross-polarization discrimination (XPD). In addition, the stationarity region is estimated using the channel correlation function approach, and used to calculate the time-varying delay and Doppler power profiles. Statistical models are presented for parameters like CPR, XPD, RMS delay and Doppler spreads, where the lognormal distribution provides the best fit. The polarization and the opening angle of the antennas into the propagation channel are found to strongly influence the observed non-stationarity of the channel. They impact the degree of multipath richness that is captured, thus providing different path gain, delay and Doppler spreads. Based on our analysis, the directional antenna with vertical polarization provides the longest stationarity time of 400 ms at 90 km/h, as well as the highest path gain and lowest dispersion. Furthermore, the DP channel capacity is calculated and its dependence on different normalization approaches is investigated. We propose a more accurate normalization for the DP channels that takes the conservation of energy into account. Moreover, the subchannels correlation coefficients are determined. While the condition number is found to be low on average, the correlation results show high correlation among the DP subchannels. As conclusion, we show how the CPR and XPD play the main role in providing multiplexing gain for DP tunnel channels.

This paper presents the analysis of a channel sounding campaign in the hull of a bulk carrier vessel at sub-6 GHz frequencies 868 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.25 GHz as well as mmWave frequency 60.48 GHz. For the sub-6 GHz frequencies, path loss (PL) is measured using omnidirectional antennas. The measured PL is fitted to a one-slope PL model that takes into account attenuation due to engine room floor crossings, obstructions and walls. The fitted model has a reference PL lower than free space and a PL exponent around 1.2. For mmWave wireless communication high gain directive antennas are typically used. Therefore, the directive radio channel for Line-of-Sight (LOS) communication is measured using the Terragraph channel sounder and an antenna beam width dependent PL model is created. At mmWave frequencies, LOS PL in the vessel is close to PL in a free space environment, but angular spread values are lower compared to other indoor scenarios.

In this paper, a polarization diversity technique applied to massive MIMO in industrial environment is proposed. The main idea is to use dual-polarized elements at the fixed array and to adequately choose their polarization for each communication channel between this array and a given user. For the same number of antenna ports, such a configuration allows decreasing by a factor 2 the geometrical size of the array and thus minimizing the spatial non-stationarity over the array. Performances of this approach are evaluated in terms of sum-rate capacity assuming either a maximum ratio transmitter or a zero forcing precoding, and are based on channel matrices measured at 3.5 GHz in an industrial hall.