Objectives: To synthesize the literature describing compliance with WHO hand hygiene (HH) guidelines in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), to evaluate the quality of extant research, and to examine differences in compliance rates across geographical regions, ICU types, and healthcare worker groups, observation methods, and Moments (indications) of HH. Data sources: Electronic searches were conducted in August 2018 using Medline, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Embase, and Web of Science. Reference lists of included studies and related review articles were also screened. Study selection: English-language, peer-reviewed studies measuring HH compliance by healthcare workers in an ICU setting using direct observation guided by the WHO's 'Five Moments of Hand Hygiene', published since 2009, were included. Data extraction: Information was extracted on study location, research design, type of ICU, healthcare workers, measurement procedures, and compliance rates. Data synthesis: Sixty-one studies were included. Most were conducted in high-income countries (60.7%) and in adult ICUs (85.2%). Mean HH compliance was 59.6%. Compliance rates appeared to differ by geographic region (high-income countries 64.5%, low-income countries 9.1%), type of ICU (neonatal 67.0%, pediatric 41.2%, adult 58.2%), and type of healthcare worker (nursing staff 43.4%, physicians 32.6%, other staff 53.8%). Conclusions: Mean HH compliance appears notably lower than international targets. The data collated may offer useful benchmarks for those evaluating, and seeking to improve, hand hygiene compliance in ICUs internationally.
