Deaf stigmatization in Nigeria begins from the families to the kindred and communities and is more intense in the early days of the deaf child. Using a multidisciplinary approach aimed at collecting different forms of data in Nigerian deaf communities, we focused on cultural practices, linguistic features, and the cause of hearing loss in some of the undocumented deaf communities. Findings from the ongoing research indicate that up to 75% of the deaf children and young adults within our study areas were not genetically born deaf. Different health complications, poverty, and ignorance contributed to childhood deafness. We also identified specific cultural traits of deaf students in Abuja and Imo-late start to school because of nonexistence of early intervention program. Finally, the signed language used by the students in Abuja and Imo had differences and similarities with American Sign Language (ASL) and Ghanaian Sign Language (GSL). The similarities between ASL, GSL, and the school signs are through the impact of ASL on the linguistic structures of most African signed languages and the differences is caused by geographical locations and specific cultural and educational information. Based on the data, we suggest that a more detailed approach to early childhood hearing screening and intervention programs is necessary to mitigate the impact of deafness in Nigeria. We recommend that a study of the school signs and culture of Nigerian deaf communities will provide accurate data for signed language documentation and future linguistic research, cultural and health interventions within deaf communities in Nigeria.

shows that negation is a complex process involving diff erent grammatical categories, such as person and number marking, as well as the syntactic organisation of the sentence. There are more irregularities and asymmetries between affi rmative and negative sentences than the presence or the absence of the negation marker. For example, completely diff erent TAM markers or copulas are used in negative and affi rmative clauses. The heterogeneity of the negative strategies and their interactions in Atlantic languages shed more light on internal clustering of the Atlantic group. Judith Mgbemena in "Linguistic Repertoires of Refugees in Internally Displaced Peoples' (IDP) Camps in North East Nigeria" shows a linguistic situation in Nigeria from the perspective of endangered languages. In reports and publications referring to the impact of terrorism and violent confl ict on national development, the language component is usually ignored. In a similar vein, humanitarian groups helping the people in need focus on social, economic, religious or medical aid, leaving the problem of language and communication aside. The paper focuses on language use spectrum in two Internally Displaced Persons' camps situated in east-north Nigeria showing how forced mobility resulting from violent attacks aff ects linguistic ecology of Nigeria. It is shown that indigenous languages are rarely used at the camps and the IDP people are exposed to other languages like Hausa and English. It poses a threat to the sustenance of the displaced languages not only locally, but also globally, as many of these languages are endangered.The forms of direct communication involving gestures are discussed in "The function of nonverbal regulators in Hausa face-to-face interaction" by Aisha Umar Adamu. She analyses the use of nonverbal signals called regulators in Hausa social interactions taking place in schools and at wedding ceremonies. The research shows that various gestures and body postures act as conversational regulators that help to keep the fl ow of the conversation. Regulators mark the beginning or the end of the conversations (e.g. turning the head aside)

It is not always the case that an endangered language goes through a revitalisation programme. For most endangered languages, there are no attempts for revitalisation, and we may never hear of them, nor understand their child language acquisition process. Currently, our understanding of sign language acquisition by children is framed by the research on the few sign languages that have child language acquisition research projects. There is a dearth of research on child language acquisition of indigenous African sign languages.

designed School Quality Assessment Checklist (SQAC) using four quality indicators of World Bank School Quality Model (1991). The Quality Indicators (QI) are Teachers' Quality Indicators (TQI), Physical and Material Quality Indicators (PMQI), Finance Quality Indicators (FQI) and Resources Management and Organization Quality Indicators (RMOQI). Pearson Moment Correlation statistical package was used to analyse the data. Correlation Coefficient was computed between the results of the School Quality Indicators (SQI) and 5years results of NMCQE in the Schools under study. Three hypotheses were raised and tested at 0.05level of significance. Results: Findings revealed that there is positive insignificant relationship between SQ (mean: 87 ± 4.8) and SP (mean: 76 ± 10), r = .29 p>0.05; TQ (mean: 16.4 ± 2) and SP (mean: 76 ± 10), r = .23 p>0.05; PMRQI (mean: 41± 4.4) and SP (mean: 76 ± 10), r = .32 p>0.05; FQI (mean: 12 ±1.6) and SP(mean: 76 ± 10), r = .06 p>0.05. There was a negative insignificant relationship between RMOQI (mean: 18 ± 3.4) and SP (mean: 76 ± 10), SGS (mean: 67.7 ± 7.3) and MS (mean: 80.2 ± 8.5) p <0.05.There is no significant difference between SQ in FGS (mean: 90 ±. 6), SGS (mean: 84.4 ± 6.2); and MS (mean: 88 ± 2.6)

In this chapter, the authors investigated how ideological differences between the two main political traditions in Ghana manifested in their campaign lyrics. The authors diachronically interrogated the 2012 and 2016 campaign songs of the National Democratic Congress and the New Patriotic Party of Ghana using critical discourse analysis. The findings suggest that there are no clear manifestations of ideological differences between the two political traditions in their campaign songs. The songs had pragmatic themes that essentially dwelt on the lived socio-economic conditions of the voters. As such, these daily economic needs of the voters became the defining concerns in political campaign songs rather than ideological affinity.