In 1978 Louise Joy Brown was the first infant born by in vitro fertilization (IVF), as the result of the pioneering work of Robert Edwards, Patrick Steptoe, and Jean Purdy in the successful development of this procedure. 1,2 This dramatic success was followed 14 years later by the first infant born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 3 a method that was initially developed for male infertility.These and subsequent advances in the rapidly developing field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) have provided hope for people struggling with the medical, emotional, and financial effects of infertility and for those wanting to conceive where there are risks of the recurrence of monogenic disorders. 4,5 As of 2020, an estimated 8 million children had been conceived by ART. 6 ART refers to in vitro procedures with carefully orchestrated sequential steps, which are overall termed an ART cycle: ovarian stimulation; surgical removal of eggs from the ovary; fertilization with sperm in a laboratory; and then returning embryo(s) to the female reproductive tract. ART can involve donor eggs, donor sperm, and gestational carriers. Procedures include IVF and ICSI. There are situational indications for either fresh or frozen embryo transfer. 7,8