JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.During the Middle Horizon (A.D. 540-900) the Wari of the central highlands Ayacucho region expanded their control into many parts of the Andes. While different motives have been citedfor Wari state expansion, we suggest that a severe and prolonged drought during the sixth century may have played a significant role. We posit that the Wari responded to this environmental crisis not only by seeking practical solutions, such as securing productive land outside the heartland, but also by implementing religious practices intended to cosnmologically restorefertility to drought-stricken areas and validate acquisition of arable land in foreign territories. Using a model of Inka ideology developed by Peter Gose, we propose that a strong religious complex involving ancestor worship, huacas, and the cosmological control of water led the Wari to seek out and control locations where water could be drawn from supernatural sources. The presence of large bodies of water near major Wari administrative sites as well as other natural phenomena, particularly certain mountains, rock formations, and large stones, and site offerings of Spondylus, copper, and stone figurines support this model. A sacred Wari landscape is thus seen as complementary to the established political landscape and providing a supernatural justification.Durante el Horizonte Medio (540-900 d.C.) los Wari del altiplano central en la regi6n de Ayacucho llegaron a controlar una gran parte de los Andes. Aunque se han ofrecido muchas explicaciones sobre estefenomeno, favorecemos la teoria de que este movimientofue impulsado por una sequia terrible de larga duracion durante el siglo sexto. Es probable que los Wari no solamente hayan buscado soluciones practicas como la conquista de territorio extranjero, pero tambien implementaron prdcticas religiosas para restituir cosmologicamente lafertilidad de sus tierras y de esta manera validar su invasi6n. Basado en el modelo de ideologia Inka propuesto por Peter Gose, teorizamos que los Warifueron motivados por sus practicas religiosas tales la veneracion de los antepasados y huacas. Esto les impulse buscar y controlar cosmol6gicamente el agua. La presencia de grandes cuerpos de agua, montanas, formaciones rocosas, y ofrendas de Spondylus, cobre, yfigurinas de piedra cerca de la sede de centros administrativos Wari soportan nuestra teoria. Es decir, que el panorama sagrado corresponde al panorama politico y se complementan el uno al otro, lo cualjustifica la existencia de este ultimo. actors influencing the selection of places where people choose to live include proximity to food and culturally important natural resources, safety from inclement weather and potential aggressors, and accessibility ...

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Eating shellfish in the wrong season makes you ill. But early people of the Andes seem to have courted these effects to gain out-of-body experiences. It may have been these effects, as well as its distinctive colouring and appearance, that made Spondylus such a very special commodity.

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This chapter addresses issue of the illicit digging, collections, and sales of artifacts from archaeological sites, specifically North and Central Florida. The problems with site protection, and sites specifically stewarded by the State, are addressed. The authors discuss both how these problems evolved in and the future trajectory of site preservation of Florida. For many participants of the 2015 First Floridians Conference, site preservation directly influenced their livelihood (if there are no sites or site data, there can be no research). For others, it dictates their cultural legacy (if society does not preserve heritage, it will not exist for posterity). As for the State of Florida, state-owned and managed lands are a legislative imperative (Floridians create laws that govern the protection of sites in state stewardship). State actions such as the Isolated Finds program was discontinued at the recommendation of the Florida Historical Commission (FHC) because of its contribution to illicit collecting and sales.