The roots and early stresses of organizational psychology in Canada are described. The impetus of World War II manpower selection and training and the immediate post war growth of universities are seen as central to the beginning years of the Canadian Psychological Association.Resume Description des origines et des premieres vicissitudes de la psychologie organisationnelle au Canada. L'elan donne par la selection et la formation du personnel exige par la seconde guerre mondiale, ainsi que le developpement des universites apres la guerre, seraient les deux facteurs centraux ayant marque les premieres annees de la Societe canadienne de Psychologic MARITIMES T

What has happened to psychology in Canadian universities in the past few years is indeed startling. It has been caught up in a wave of popularity, or public trust, which has produced disproportionately large increases in enrolments in psychology everywhere. Psychology departments now typically carry the largest or one of the largest undergraduate teaching loads, and most have also developed graduate programs. Since 1960, the number of Canadian graduate departments of psychology has more than doubled. By 1966 and 1967 psychology was, of all the traditional academic disciplines, the third largest producer of Canadian PhD's. The rapid increase in the number of faculty required to teach so many students has made it possible for departments to develop along a number of lines. The developments in the universities are only one small part of the story of Canadian psychology in the 1960's, but they are particularly significant because of the promise they hold for the discipline in the years ahead. During the present decade improvements in the state of psychology in this nation have been in every respect spectacular. Canadian psychology has come of age. The evidence is all around us. The question now before us is, will this discipline move forward with confidence into maturity? Will it accept full responsibility for itself? Will it control its own destiny? I believe that it can and that it will. The future holds out much promise if we shape it to our advantage. Opportunities to determine our fate are being presented to us now if we will only seize them. The Canadian Psychological Association is the organization which can provide the fulcrum for the efforts that are required. Hence, we must make it the strong representative organization it should be. There are many problems to overcome if we are to do this, but nothing is impossible if we keep our real goals in sight.

During World War II qualified women in psychology became highly valued. At home they filled academic posts vacated by men serving overseas. Abroad they assumed leadership roles in military or non-military but warrelated activities. The impact of these war-time achievements on their status is explored through a study of the post war participation of women in the power structure of the Canadian Psychological Association and a comparative study of the careers of the women and men who obtained I'h.Ds in psychology at the University of Toronto just before, during and just after the war.

To identify positive indicators of social competence in preschoolers, a four-stage study involving over 100 three-and four-year-olds was done to examine correlates oi the frequency, quality, and effectiveness of various types of initiated and respondent behavior which occurred in social interaction situations. It was found that the most effective discriminator of competence was the succcssfulness of child-child social influence attempts, and a measure of social competence based on this finding was developed. Social competence, defined and measured as social influence effectiveness, was positively related to cognitive competence in a variety of problem soiving situations, and to affective and cognitive perspective-taking ability. The results arc discussed with reference (o the concept of effectancc motivation.Eflbrts to evaluate the effects of early education on the social development of young children have been handicapped by a dearth of suitable criterion measures (Zigler & Trickett, 1978). The purpose of this project was, therefore, to develop a set of objective criteria for assessing the social competence of three-to five-year-olds in the preschool.Social competence is a hypothetical construct with no universally accepted meaning (O'Malley, 1977). It is a complex notion that involves cognitive as well as affective and conative variables which are difficult to separate (Anderson & Messick, 1974). For psychometric purposes it has been operationalized in multi-dimensional terms (Circus, 1975). Some have approached it from a personality trait or interpersonal relations point of view and have used teacher ratings of coping styles in social conflict situations to measure it (Kohn & Rosman, 1972). Only a few have attempted to assess the social competence of children by direct observation of their behaviour in natural settings (White & Watts, 1973; Licberman, 1977). These have, however, used widely different criteria for judging social ability. Typically, both positive and negative indicators have been employed and the scores obtained have been combined in complex and sometimes arbitrary ways. The goal of this project was to identify a set of

Canadian psychologists have formed no less than eighteen national or provincial organizations. This paper provides a brief historical sketch of these organizations and indicates their present status and functions. The first organizations sought to advance psychology as both a science and a profession, but most of the later-established ones developed directly or indirectly out of efforts to institute statutory control of the profession of psychology. In an addendum, an appeal is made for source material on the provincial organizations for deposit in the CPA archives. Resume'La psychologie canadienne ne compte pas moins de dix-huit organismes federaux ou provinciaux. L'article presente une courte esquisse de rhistoire de ces organismes et en decrit la situation et les f onctions actuelles. Les premiers organismes ont tente de promouvoir le progres de la psychologie scientifique aussi bien que professionnelle, mais la plupart des organismes plus recents sont nes directement ou indirectement d'efforts tentes pour instituer un contr61e legal de la profession de psychologue. Suit un addenda dans lequel tous sont invites a transmettre (pour depot) aux archives de la SCP tout materiel de base concernant les organismes provinciaux. (A.P.