Introduction: Orthopaedic surgery has the lowest percentage of female residents of all surgical specialties. Female medical students may believe that the demands of the specialty, both during training and in clinical practice, may be less conducive to becoming a parent. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of and experiences with pregnancy and parenthood among female orthopaedic surgery trainees. Methods: An anonymous 24-question online survey was distributed to all current female orthopaedic surgery trainees in the United States via the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Diversity Advisory Board. Survey questions included the demographics of the residents' programs, the parental status of the respondents, and their experiences with pregnancy and parenthood during training. Results: Of the respondents, 83.7% did not have children during residency and were not currently pregnant. Furthermore, 48.4% responded that they had deferred having children because they were in residency. One hundred and thirteen respondents (59.5%) reported that they experienced bias from co-residents about women having children during residency, whereas 94 (49.5%) reported such bias from attendings. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that most female orthopaedic trainees do not have children during residency. Most respondents experienced bias from co-residents about women having children during residency, and nearly half experienced such bias from orthopaedic attendings. Combating bias about pregnancy during residency may help encourage more women to pursue a career in orthopaedics.A lthough the proportion of women in medicine now comprises about half of all medical students, women are not represented equally in every field. This is especially apparent in surgical specialties. 1 Despite increasing female representation among other surgical specialties, the proportion of women in orthopaedic surgery has not improved significantly, with women accounting for only 14.8% of orthopaedic residency positions in 2015, compared with 12.4% in 2007. 2,3 In contrast, women represented 11.3% of neurological surgery residents, 13.3% of vascular surgery residents, and 14.9% of thoracic surgery residents in 2007, which increased to 17. 1%, 33.8%, and 21.8% in 2015, respectively. 3 Several studies have attempted to