When DHM and MOM are fortified interchangeably, preterm infants receiving incremental amounts of DHM are at increased risk of postnatal growth restriction. The dose-response relationship between DHM, MOM, and PF and long-term growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes warrants further research.

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Compared with mothers using EE, mothers using HE had significantly less cumulative daily milk production during the first 7 days postpartum. This trend continued after the intervention had been discontinued, and the great majority of expressions in both groups were with EE. Further research to confirm and expand these findings is warranted.

Establishment of a DM policy was associated with reduced exposure to formula, promoting an exclusively human milk diet, with earlier initiation of feeds and no decrease in use of MOM.

Background: Limited opportunities for parents to care for their critically ill infant after cardiac surgery can lead to parental unpreparedness and distress. Purpose: This project aimed to create and test a bedside visual tool to increase parent partnership in developmentally supportive infant care after cardiac surgery. Methods: The Care Partnership Pyramid was created by a multidisciplinary team and incorporated feedback from nurses and parents. Three Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles tested its impact on parent partnership in care. Information about developmentally supportive care provided by parents during each 12-hour shift was extracted from nursing documentation. A staff survey evaluated perceptions of the tool and informed modifications. Results: Changes in parent partnership during PDSA 1 did not reach statistical significance. Staff perceived that the tool was generally useful for the patient/family but was sometimes overlooked, prompting its inclusion in the daily goals checklist. For PDSA 2 and 3, parents were more often observed participating in rounds, asking appropriate questions, providing environmental comfort, assisting with the daily care routine, and changing diapers. Implications for Practice: Use of a bedside visual tool may lead to increased parent partnership in care for infants after cardiac surgery. Implications for Research: Future projects are needed to examine the impact of bedside care partnership interventions on parent preparedness, family well-being, and infant outcomes.