The presence of a fungus on grains of perennial rye-grass which failed to germinate was recorded in New Zealand by Hyde in 1932. In 1938 the same fungus was associated by Hyde with exceptionally low germination in Italian rye-grass and, later that year (Hyde, 1938 a), the poor germinating capacity was ascribed to infection by Pullularia. Seed of the Scottish harvest of 1938 showed the signs of infection by Pullularia described in Hyde's papers (Noble, 1939), and cultures obtained from mycelium within infected seed, sterilised on the surface, were identified as Pullularia pullulans (De Bary) Berk.

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Context. Clostridium perfringens septicemia is often associated with translocation from the gastrointestinal or gastrourinary tract and occurs in patients who have malignancy or are immunocompromised. Clostridium perfringens septicemia is usually fatal without early identification, source control, and antibiotics. Case. We present a case of a 65-year-old female with Clostridium perfringens septicemia secondary to emphysematous cholecystitis, with progression to hepatic abscesses. Conclusion. Septicemia secondary to Clostridium perfringens is generally fatal if not detected early. Source control with surgery or percutaneous drainage and early antibiotic therapy is imperative. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may reduce mortality. Clinicians caring for patients with sepsis and intravascular hemolysis must have Clostridium perfringens septicemia on their differential diagnosis with a low threshold for starting antibiotics and pursuing source of infection.

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