Evidence of androgenetic alopecia, or male pattern baldness, can be distressing for transgender women. Here we present the case of a transgender woman with scalp hair regrowth after ∼6 months on oral estradiol and spironolactone therapy achieving testosterone levels within normal female range.

Introduction Many transgender people take hormone therapy to affirm their gender identity. One potential long-term consequence of gender affirming hormone therapy is increased body mass index (BMI), which may be associated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and higher mortality. Only a few published studies explored changes in BMI in transgender people taking gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). Objective To examine the changes in BMI longitudinally in response to GAHT in transgender women and men. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of transgender individuals who received GAHT from the endocrinology clinic between January 1, 2000 and September 6, 2018. Subjects who sought GAHT were included if they had two separate measurements of BMI and were excluded if they had a BMI greater than 35 kg/m 2 or were missing demographic data at entry. We used a linear mixed model to analyze the longitudinal change in BMI. Results There were a total of 227 subjects included in this cohort. Among subjects already on GAHT, transgender women were receiving GAHT longer than transgender men (6.59 ± 9.35 vs 3.67 ± 3.43 years, p-value = 0.04). Over the period of 7 years, there was a significant increase in BMI in transwomen who newly initiated GAHT (p-value 0.004). There were no changes in BMI in transgender men and women already on GAHT or in transgender men who newly initiated GAHT in the study. Conclusion We conclude that BMI significantly increases in transwomen but not in transmen after initiation of GAHT in a single center based in the United States. In transwomen and transmen, BMI appears to be stable following 3 to 6 years of GAHT. Future investigations should examine the causes for increased BMI in transgender women including type of GAHT, diet and lifestyle, and association with risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.

Purpose of review: To summarize the current studies, systematic reviews, and clinical practice guidelines pertaining to the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis in transgender persons. Recent findings: Gender affirming hormone therapy has been shown to maintain or promote acquisition of bone density as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in transgender men and women. No differences in fracture rates have been seen in trans women or men in short, prospective trials. Trans children and adolescents on gonadotropin-releasing hormone may be at risk for decreasing bone density while not on sex steroid hormone replacement. Summary: Ongoing research is needed to determine the clinical significance of changes in bone density in relation to fracture risk. Screening for osteoporosis should be based on assessment of clinical factors including hormone therapy compliance, gonadal removal, and additional osteoporosis risk factors. Post-pubertal trans children and adolescents on gonadotropin-releasing hormone without sex steroid hormone therapy may be at risk for decreasing bone density. Treatment for osteoporosis in trans men and women follows the same guidelines as cisgender populations and should take into consideration both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions.

Purpose Transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals have unique health care needs and have difficulty accessing health care services because of a lack of qualified health care providers, insurance coverage, mistreatment, and bias by the medical community. Medical trainees and physicians report a lack of education in, and exposure to, the clinical care and unique aspects of this field. We assessed the use of a standardized patient as a tool to evaluate 4 core medical competencies (patient care, medical knowledge, professionalism, and interpersonal communication) of endocrinology fellows at a single training program. Methods Endocrine fellows were evaluated by faculty in different aspects of transgender care and completed a self-assessment before and after the exercise. Faculty viewed the fellows during the Objective Clinical Structured Examination. Fellows were provided feedback by a faculty member and the standardized patient after the exercise. Results Deficits were found in patient care and professionalism. Fellows scored well in medical knowledge. Fellows did not report an improvement in comfort and communication skills after the exercise. Interestingly, fellows’ self-assessment scores in several domains declined after the standardized patient encounter, highlighting an occasion for self-reflection and growth within the realms of cultural competency and medical knowledge. Main conclusions We conclude that use of standardized patients to teach medical competencies in transgender medicine may be one approach to improve exposure to, and training in, transgender medicine. Endocrine fellows still had discomfort treating transgender individuals after the standardized patient encounter and require other training activities that may include didactics and clinical case discussions.

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